Biomass chemical looping gasification (BCLG) offers significant advantages over the conventional biomass gasification process in terms of enhanced gasification efficiency, inherent CO2 capture, process circularity, and mitigated emissions of pollutants. This review discusses the prevailing status of research and development of BCLG in terms of production of high-quality syngas and negative carbon emissions based on the latest experimental and modelling studies. In particular, the design of the BCLG process and reactors is compared with conventional gasification. This review suggests that the BCLG process could be 10–25 % more efficient than the conventional combustion and gasification system in terms of economical H2-production cost (3.37 USD/kg H2-produced) and negative life cycle emissions of CO2 (−14.58 kg-CO2e/ kg-H2 produced). This review has extensively considered the effects of process parameters and oxygen carriers (OCs) on gasification chemistry and reaction engineering during BCLG experiments. More specifically, the properties of OCs have been holistically analysed from technological, economic, and environmental perspectives to screen appropriate and affordable OCs for BCLG. In addition, the state-of-the-art modelling studies on BCLG are compared in terms of thermodynamic equilibrium, kinetics, and integrated processes. Technological challenges and research gaps in experiments and modelling have been highlighted in order to advance the BCLG process for industrial applications. In particular, further experimental work is needed to tackle issues related to stability and deactivation of OCs, fluidisation and circulation, the mechanical strength of OCs, the optimisation of feed conversion, and the integration and management of various thermal reactors. It is also desired to enhance the accuracy of models by incorporating optimisation of integrated processes and a more detailed reaction mechanism. Overall, BCLG is a promising negative emissions technology for renewable energy production, yet more innovative efforts in experimental and modelling studies are imperative to move towards more practical applications.@en

District heating represents a viable way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the built environment. This paper aims to assess the extent to which the market revenues of multiple heat production technologies can cover their fixed costs in a competitive wholesale district heating market. Marginal-cost pricing is applied in a case study of the Netherlands. A linear programming model incorporating heat supply and demand is developed to obtain hourly dispatch and heat market prices. It is concluded that low carbon heat generation technologies tend to have low short-run marginal costs. All examined heat producers have an under-recovery of fixed costs in a range between 60% and 90% except the waste incineration combined heat and power plant. It has an overall return on investment of 44% and 12% within the reference and heat pump scenario respectively. Although marginal-cost pricing may ensure cost-efficient dispatch, the market revenues are far from enough to recoup the investment costs for the majority of the heat producer, let alone the network costs. Significant additional remuneration is required to sustain a competitive heat market and ensure sufficient investment in new generation capacity in the long run.@en

District heating represents a viable way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the built environment. This paper aims to assess the extent to which the market revenues of multiple heat production technologies can cover their fixed costs in a competitive wholesale district heating market. Marginal-cost pricing is applied in a case study of the Netherlands. A linear programming model incorporating heat supply and demand is developed to obtain hourly dispatch and heat market prices. It is concluded that low carbon heat generation technologies tend to have low short-run marginal costs. All examined heat producers have an under-recovery of fixed costs in a range between 60% and 90% except the waste incineration combined heat and power plant. It has an overall return on investment of 44% and 12% within the reference and heat pump scenario respectively. Although marginal-cost pricing may ensure cost-efficient dispatch, the market revenues are far from enough to recoup the investment costs for the majority of the heat producer, let alone the network costs. Significant additional remuneration is required to sustain a competitive heat market and ensure sufficient investment in new generation capacity in the long run.@en

Geo-resources play an increasing significant role in achieving a sustainable energy future. However, their exploitation is not free of environmental impacts. This paper aims to identify the lessons and knowledge gaps on understanding of the sources, mechanisms and scope of environmental consequences of underground geo-energy resources exploitation. The paper examines four underground exploitation activities: CO2 geological storage, exploitation of shale gas, geothermal power and compressed air energy storage (CAES). Selected studies carrying out life cycle assessment (LCA) and environmental risk assessment (ERA) are structurally reviewed by applying a six steps method. Our finding indicates that global warming potential is the major focus of examined LCA studies with relatively less attention on other impacts. Environmental impacts at the local level are less evaluated except water use for shale gas and geothermal power. Environmental impacts of exploitation with storage purposes are relatively low. For energy supply associated exploitation, the impacts largely depend on the types of underground activities and the exploited energy carriers. In the ERA studies, likelihood of a hazard occurrence is the focus of the probability assessment. There is limited information on the pathways and transport of hazard agents in the subsurface and on the relation between hazard exposure and the impacts. The leakage of the storing agents is the well-identified hazard for storage associated exploitation, while the migration of fluids and exploited energy carriers are the ones for exploitation with energy supply purposes. In general, understanding of environmental risks of soil contamination are limited. Very few number of ERA studies are available for assessing a CAES. Our research points out the need for developing a framework which allows the integration between LCA and ERA in subsurface environmental management.@en

High temperature aquifer thermal energy storage (HT-ATES) can contribute to the integration of renewable energy sources in the energy system, the replacement of fossil fuel-based heat supply and the utilization of surplus heat from industrial sources. However, there is limited understanding on the drivers, barriers and conditions of HT-ATES implementation. The objective of this study is to partly fill this knowledge gap by developing a methodological framework for a quick scan on market potential of HT-ATES. Based on the application of this framework to a case study in the Netherlands, it is concluded that the proposed method is suitable for a pre-feasibility analysis on the HT-ATES market potential. The investigated case study has a planned district heating system with geothermal energy as the heat source. HT-ATES is found to be cost-effective compared to a reference technology, i.e. a natural gas boiler, in the scenarios under existing and more sustainable alternative policies. The lifetime of HT-ATES and the size of heat demand have a strong influence on the market potential.@en

High temperature aquifer thermal energy storage (HT-ATES) can contribute to the integration of renewable energy sources in the energy system, the replacement of fossil fuel-based heat supply and the utilization of surplus heat from industrial sources. However, there is limited understanding on the drivers, barriers and conditions of HT-ATES implementation. The objective of this study is to partly fill this knowledge gap by developing a methodological framework for a quick scan on market potential of HT-ATES. Based on the application of this framework to a case study in the Netherlands, it is concluded that the proposed method is suitable for a pre-feasibility analysis on the HT-ATES market potential. The investigated case study has a planned district heating system with geothermal energy as the heat source. HT-ATES is found to be cost-effective compared to a reference technology, i.e. a natural gas boiler, in the scenarios under existing and more sustainable alternative policies. The lifetime of HT-ATES and the size of heat demand have a strong influence on the market potential.@en