In a bid to battle global warming the Dutch government has set ambitious targets to cut CO2 emissions in the Dutch Climate Agreement [1]. Aside from this state-driven initiative in line with the Paris agreement, several Dutch cities have presented their own climate initiatives. T
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In a bid to battle global warming the Dutch government has set ambitious targets to cut CO2 emissions in the Dutch Climate Agreement [1]. Aside from this state-driven initiative in line with the Paris agreement, several Dutch cities have presented their own climate initiatives. The city of Amsterdam has pledged to reduce its CO2 emissions by 55% in 2030 compared to 1990 levels which surpasses the national goal by 5% [2]. The capital has laid out a detailed plan to achieve these goals and it is clear that the electrification of mobility and heating, along with the roll-out of solar energy across the city, will play an important role in the future. Amsterdam is planning to install 1 million solar panels by 2022, aims to ban non-electric cars from the city by 2030 [3] and wants all buildings to be heated gas-free by 2040. While all of these steps are very helpful regarding the reduction of greenhouse gasses, they pose a big challenge to local grid operator Liander to ensure sufficient grid capacity [4]. The spokesperson of Alliander (parent of Liander) estimates that in 2050, peak power demand in Amsterdam could be 2.5 to 6 times higher than now. From the 25 substations in the city, which transform high-voltage electricity to middle-voltage, a minimum of 11 will not have sufficient capacity by 2030. The problem lies with an increase in both electricity supply and demand. On the supply side, as more and more Renewable Energy Sources (RES) have entered the Dutch energy mix in the past decade the strain on the electricity grid has increased. While wind turbines have largely been built offshore and feed into the high voltage grid, on-land turbines and especially large scale solar generation are mainly connected to the middle-voltage (MV) grid which is primarily designed to distribute electricity, not to accept it. On a sub-level, solar panels installed on private roofs deliver their electricity to the low-voltage (LV) grid. The capacities of cables and transformers in residential areas are sized to deliver electricity from generator to consumer, and not the other way around. Liander has indicated that capacity is sufficient to deal with privately owned solar for now, but that the significant increase envisioned by the city of Amsterdam will pose a problem in the future.