“How can port resilience in archipelagos be evaluated—and what lessons emerge?” This dissertation develops a novel method to evaluate port resilience by integrating the existing theories with real-world challenges. Through a multiphase mixed-method approach, three case studies were carried out: Pantoloan Port (2018 Sulawesi Earthquake & Tsunami), Seba Port (2021 Cyclone Seroja), and Mamuju Port (2021 Majene Earthquake). The results provide actionable recommendations to enhance port infrastructure, operations, and recovery—demonstrating the method’s usefulness for policymakers and port operators in vulnerable archipelago regions.

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to develop a set of policies to solve the decarbonization issues of container terminal clusters. Design/methodology/approach – This research used the system dynamics approach to develop an integrated multi-issue policy model. Findings – We found that the mandatory use of low-sulfur fuel can decrease GRDP and container throughput and hinder the growth of companies and workers due to high fuel prices. However, it can contribute to a significant reduction in SOx emissions. Research limitations/implications – This research used the Tanjung Priok container terminal cluster in Jakarta, Indonesia, as its case study. Hence, some findings are attached to the characters of this container terminal cluster. Practical implications – We found that an integrated policy approach that can tackle technical and social issues can be used to develop a novel approach to solving the complexity that arises in a complex socio-technical system such as container terminal clusters. Social implications – As this research used the socio-technical systemic point of view, we found that solutions for major environmental issues should be coupled with significant social programs to (at least) maintain the welfare of society. Originality/value – This research used the integrated complexity model approach, system dynamics, which can significantly increase society’s ability to tackle multi-issue problems such as decarbonizing container terminal clusters.

Special Economic Zone (SEZ) development is becoming a preferable policy by the Indonesian government to boost economic growth in less-developed local regions. This is because of the promise that SEZ could attract investment and job creation based on local competitive commodities. One of these areas is Bitung SEZ, North Sulawesi - Indonesia, a coastal-based SEZ, as its strategic position for logistics, fishery resources, and coconut plantation. To explore the promise of growth proposed by developing SEZ in Bitung, we developed a Systems Dynamics model of the interaction between economic growth, social development, and environmental impacts. Based on the model understanding and development, we identified three factors the Indonesian government should improve: coconut plantation productivity, fisheries ship management, and education index. With these three factors in mind, several policy options were tested in the model, resulting in a more substantial impact than the business-as-usual condition.

The Indonesian government's decisive reaction to combat COVID-19, especially in vaccine distribution, is challenged by the system's complexity and various vaccine types. Cold chain management is essential for ensuring vaccines quality during last-mile delivery. This study employs the Decision-Making Evaluation and Laboratory (DEMATEL) based Analytical Network Process (ANP) to assess risk priorities in last-mile vaccine delivery by identifying three-dimensional risks: material handling, facilities, infrastructure, and coordination. Results indicate that material handling carries the most significant weight among these risks. Therefore, policymakers are advised to focus on mitigating risks associated with facilities and infrastructure to safeguard material handling.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia has led to a significant change in human mobility. It is also considered the most serious threat to the inter-island trade network since the economic crisis in 1998. Leveraging two-year historical port call data (covering 6,000 records in total) of Indonesian domestic cargo vessels from the Automatic Identification System (AIS), this study examines the spatiotemporal changes of maritime freight transport network connectivity and cargo shipping capacity throughout the COVID-19 outbreaks period. We constructed two directed graphs, one in 2019 and another in the 2020 period, based on 1,283 Indonesian domestic cargo ship trajectories that connect 25 main Indonesian ports through 370 links. This study calculated and compared the four metrics of complex network analysis, including assortative coefficient, average degree, betweenness centrality, and clustering coefficient, to figure out the shipping network pattern changes. The result shows that the network connectivity and its shipping capacity changed in 2020, although the national port call trend is not significantly different from 2019. Based on our observation, we notice that the network is shifting from a "main hub-and-spoke connection," which dominantly involves western Indonesia hub-ports structure, towards a "multi hub-and-spoke connection," which increases the ports centrality position in eastern Indonesia. We also analyzed the change of cargo shipping capacity in each link to reflect how shipping liner companies respond to the pandemics. The insights generated in this study are hoping to contribute toward more rapid, effective, and comprehensive responses to this unprecedented disruption.

In this study, we use a complex network analysis approach to investigate the topological structure of container shipping networks in the Indonesia archipelago to understand the network topology. Containerized cargo is responsible for more than half of the inter-island trade volume, making it one critical freight transport mode in the Indonesia archipelago. We summarize the network topological structure by measures such as degree distribution, average path length, and average clustering coefficient. Based on the initial result, we find that the degree distribution of the container shipping network in archipelago fits a hybrid distribution. The distribution proves the studied network is not scale-free. With regards to the network structure, the archipelago’s shipping network exhibits a short path length and a low value of the clustering coefficient, potentially rejecting the small-world structure hypothesis. These initial findings provide evidence that the maritime shipping network in a large-scale archipelago shows a distinctive pattern compared to other maritime shipping networks in the existing literature.

A seaport attracts firms to it; such firms are often complementary and find ways to interact with one another, forming port clusters. The growth and decline of these clusters largely depend on government policies. Large port clusters have more economic activity but are also characterized by negative externalities, such as air pollution. This study investigates the dynamics and sustainability of the Tanjung Priok port cluster. System dynamics are used to examine the issue, and port cluster sustainability is assessed by modeling the dynamics of the system over a 20-year timespan. The growth of a port cluster has been found to positively influence the regional economy and the level of employment while also damaging the environment. This study investigates further the impact of an alternative port cluster development program (namely a free trade policy) and shore power system (SPS) program policies on the sustainability of a port cluster. The model indicates that when a free trade policy and an SPS program are implemented in tandem to maximize the economy and reduce environmental damage, they provide additional benefits.