Future carbon-neutral power systems impose many challenges; one of them is an advanced simulation platform that allows replicating the complex systems' actual dynamic performance. DIgEnSys-Lab is working toward proposing solutions to the most critical challenges to carbon-neutral energy systems. This paper shows preliminary results of implementing a cyber-physical testbed co-simulation real-time dedicated to analysing system frequency response. The testbed is a cyber-physical system where the physical layer is represented by two real-time simulators in a closed loop: Typhoon HIL 604 and Opal-RT OP4510. The cybernetic layer is used to model a test system and to control the real-time simulation. This paper shows the results of the system frequency response of a modified version of the P.M Anderson 9-bus system using phasor measurement units. Simulation results show the appropriate performance of the proposed testbed.@en

Future carbon-neutral power systems impose many challenges; one is the urgent need for a simulation platform that allows replicating the complex systems’ actual dynamic performance. This paper shows the results of implementing a cyber-physical testbed co-simulation in real-time to analyse the system frequency response considering primary frequency control and emergency frequency control: under-frequency load-shedding (UFLS) protection schemes. The proposed testbed uses a physical layer of two real-time simulators from different vendors in a closed loop, Opal-RT OP4510 and Typhoon HIL 604, being the first simulator for test system modelling and the remainder used to implement the UFLS protection scheme. Two connections of the real-time simulators are considered: physical connection using wires to exchange analogue signals and cybernetic digital communication using ANSI C37.118 communication protocol. The cybernetic layer of the testbed models a test system, controls the real-time simulation, and implements digital communication between the simulators. A modified version of the P.M. Anderson 9-bus systems is used for testing purposes, including phasor measurement units (PMUs). Results of the real-time simulation show the appropriate performance of the proposed testbed.@en

Using Ethernet networks and communication protocols for protection applications requires protection engineers to understand different tools and technologies. This paper presents an investigation focused on clarifying the process bus-related concepts considering some relevant hardware, software, and protocol implementation aspects that may lead to misassumptions when doing Process Bus tests and studies. The authors performed real-time simulations considering 23 ROCOF scenarios under six different network background traffic environments to investigate network devices' throughput performance. In addition, the authors created a MATLAB script to subscribe and interpret the generated SV data correctly.@en

Josephson junctions in a two-dimensional electron gas with spin-orbit coupling are a promising candidate to realize topological superconductivity. While it is known that the geometry of the junction strongly influences the size of the topological gap, the question of how to construct optimal geometries remains unexplored. We introduce a greedy numerical algorithm to optimize the shape of Majorana junctions. The core of the algorithm relies on perturbation theory and is embarrassingly parallel, which allows it to explore the design space efficiently. By introducing stochastic variations in the junction Hamiltonian, we avoid overfitting geometries to specific system parameters. Furthermore, we constrain the optimizer to produce smooth geometries by applying image filtering and fabrication resolution constraints. We run the algorithm in various setups and find that it reliably produces geometries with increased topological gaps over large parameter ranges. The results are robust to variations in the optimization starting point and the presence of disorder, which suggests the optimizer is capable of finding global maxima.@en