Nectlected Tropical diseases (NTDs) is a designation of a group of 20 different (often parasitic) diseases. These are mostly prevalent in tropical areas like Nigeria and Gabon, affecting the health of the poor remote communities significantly. Current diagnosis is done by manual microscopy. This is too expensive and not time and cost efficient. Therefore an automated diagnostic device is developed. The developed prototype at the start of the thesis was working, however it was not portable. In this thesis I show the process of developing a portable diagnostic microscope is able to work in remote area's without needing power.

Ankle osteoarthritis (AOA) or degenerative joint disease (DJD ) of the ankle, is a progressive condition characteristic by the thinning of cartilage between the tibia and talus bone. Eventually, this leads to complete ankle joint loss. When looking at surgical treatments, joint sacrificing treatments are the golden standard. Young active people with end-stage AOA find these treatments scary and often want to preserve their joint and ankle motion as long as possible. Therefore, they are postponing these surgical treatments and retain the painful symptoms that accompany AOA. It is believed that ankle distraction arthroplasty is an alternative, joint sparing treatment. This technique uses an external frame to mechanically unload the ankle joint to support the regenerative capacity of the body to restore cartilage. This frame is fixed to pins in the tibia and talus. The current devices limit joint movements and restrict the surgeon in their pin placement, which results in a painful stiff joint during the treatment period. Furthermore, these devices do not always fit the patient properly. Therefore, the goal is to develop a personalized hinged ankle distractor that allows for ankle movement. This will be a new alternative treatment for young active people with end-stage AOA. The developed ankle distractor is an external fixator that will be adjusted to the placement of the pins, allowing the orthopaedic surgeon for better pin placement. The pins are placed using a drilling and alignment guide. After this surgery, a CT-scan is made to determine the pin placement and the rotation axis of the patient which are both incorporated within the device. A combination of the distraction device and tibia and talus clamps will be placed at each side of the lower leg to allow for symmetrical distraction. This design results in semi-personalized distraction device that allows for walking with optimized patient comfort while maintaining a partially reusable system.  

Nowadays, designers deal with increasingly complex and meaningful challenges. Because of that, design schools are required to deliver professional designers capable of handling what future decades might bring. Therefore, resilience, generally described as the process of adapting well in the presence of adversity, makes it a valuable quality future generations of designers could develop. As resilience is still an abstract concept within the education domain, this thesis aimed to explore how it could be built and enhanced in such a context. The approach chosen to tackle that question was initially to analyze the literature regarding resilience. Then, to perform an in-depth autoethnographic study in a moment I believed resilience was systematically achieved in the Industrial Design Engineering faculty: the COVID19 lockdowns. Finally, I synthesized the learnings from that period and previous literature research into a theoretical framework that aims to assist educators in conceptualizing interventions to foster Resilience in Learning Systems. This framework was implemented to design and evaluate MyRubric, a co-creative guide for adaptive assessment, which aims to offer a constructive, resilient alternative to the current rubric.

Pregnancy tests are the most used diagnostic test in the world where the market is expected to be worth $1.5 Billion. However, since its introduction to the market in 1976, it has experienced limited innovation. Despite its importance in providing crucial information about a significant life event, women continue to rely on outdated and limited options. The existing tests are often expensive or of poor quality, and their single-use nature fails to address the diverse need for sustainable practices. This gap in the market arises from a reluctance among established players to disrupt their stable revenue streams and a lack of investment in female health. This master thesis intends to present a comprehensive investigation into enhancing the user experience of pregnancy detection and attempting to enhance its overall experience for its intended and unintended users. The project aims to address the limitations of existing single-use pregnancy tests and present an alternative option which would fit the current and future scenarios. Given the costs associated with essential feminine hygiene products, such as sanitary pads, tampons, and other menstrual care items, as well as fertility products including contraceptives and potential expenses related to fertility treatments, women face a considerable financial burden that accumulates over time. SureSign aims to disrupt the testing experience for women, providing them with a clear and user-friendly solution while trying to minimize the financial barrier associated with repeated testing. By offering an affordable and inclusive testing option, the product intends to empower women to make informed decisions about their reproductive journey. It envisions a future where women can test multiple times without worrying about the financial implications and sustainability impact, enabling them to confidently navigate their next steps based on accurate and reliable results. The thesis is carried out in collaboration with Pharmista Technologies. Their role in this master thesis extends to providing initial market insights and to provide expertise in the technology behind potentially making the testing process sustainable - by making it reusable. They provide their existing knowledge about a patent sensor they develop, which in theory allows one to take multiple tests from a singular device. Their goal is to make this action of reusability take place at least 10 times. The project is divided in two main phases: the research phase of the current scenario and subsequently a development phase for the future scenario. The research phase involves conducting user interviews to gain insights into user needs and challenges related to pregnancy tests. This phase also establishes if the requirement of reusable test actually exists. The project then delves into the embodiment phase which involves form factors related to the overall product experience. Drawing from the gathered insights, a user feedback oriented design process is employed to develop prototypes of the new pregnancy test, considering factors such as usability, accuracy, and ergonomics. The prototypes are evaluated through user testing, allowing for continuous loops of refinement. The outcome of this master's thesis aims to not only push the field of pregnancy detection forward but also forge a significant stride towards sustainability within the femtech industry. This will be realized through the presentation of fresh perspectives aimed at enhancing the user experience, need for accuracy, and dependability of these devices. The findings will provide valuable recommendations for design refinements and the eventual market launch of this product for Pharmista. This holds the promise of uplifting the experiences of couples navigating their fertility path and women embracing sustainable approaches throughout their reproductive journey.

Cataract surgeries using phacoemulsification (phaco) are standard practice, accounting for the large majority of all cataract surgeries. Reliance on sterilization processes has significant environmental implications, giving its energy and resource intensive nature. This thesis introduces a novel hybrid phaco handpiece design, eliminating the need for sterilization by adding a disposable to facilitate sterile use, combined with a reusable as driver of ultrasound. This product is the first step towards a proposed fully circular system. This project has a focus on reducing impact, while maintaining phaco functionality; it does so by testing for phaco ultrasound characteristics and functioning fluidics while addressing the challenges associated with sterilization. The design emphasizes quick, secure, and sterile assembly in the operating room (OR) while maintaining cost-effectiveness and minimizing environmental impact. The hybrid phaco handpiece achieves its functional design by carefully managing the components responsible for ultrasound and fluidics. The internal sonotrode, driving ultrasound, is split between the disposable and reusable components, connected securely through a threaded interface. Fluidics are managed by splitting off before reaching the reusable part, employing a simple yet effective O-ring design in the disposable product. Maintaining sterility in the OR is a critical aspect of the hybrid phaco handpiece design. Mechanical seals in O-rings provide internal sterile barriers, and a blister pack facilitates sterile interaction between non-sterile and sterile components. The contact-free assembly of the disposable into the reusable ensures a tight connection, validated by a torque ridge that breaks at a specified torque, offering a visual cue for successful connection. This usability design, validated with healthcare professionals, adds safety and fits the quick nature of cataract procedures. The innovative sterile handover method is implemented through the packaging itself, acting as a sterile barrier between different nurses handling the disposable and reusable components. During handover, a pre-attached sterile tube sleeve is unrolled over the non-sterile component. This ensures a seamless and sterile transition during assembly, minimizing the risk of contamination. A comprehensive functional analysis validates the hybrid design, ensuring it meets specifications. Insights gained from this analysis guide further mechanical tuning, particularly in aspects influencing ultrasound characteristics. Beyond functionality, the hybrid phaco handpiece design has environmental implications. By eliminating the need for energy-intensive sterilization procedures and reducing waste from disposable wraps, the design reduces its climate impact by 67% over the entire life cycle. This hybrid phaco handpiece design represents a step towards a circular system in the field of cataract surgeries. Balancing functionality, sterility, and environmental impact, this novel approach not only provides new insight into sustainable phacoemulsification procedures, but also shows the potential of hybrid reusable and disposable products in healthcare.

Our society is becoming increasingly aware of the necessity of inclusion. However, some individuals are frequently not heard or understood and, therefore, not (yet) included in design projects and designs. Designing inclusively requires a good understanding of the abilities and experiences of a diverse group of people to strive for an inclusive design. This can be achieved when designers partner up with people while considering the full range of human diversity to design for their desired participation in society. Including these individuals in the design process will benefit a much broader audience. For this project, I researched the context of Inclusive Design activities by Industrial Design Engineering students at Delft Technical University. I studied the perspectives of students regarding their experiences with Inclusive Design projects. Findings reveal that students do not experience Inclusive Design as a learning process. They are afraid to make mistakes and mainly work towards the final design. Additionally, students experience barriers to starting Inclusive Design activities, such as their insecurities, uncertainties, moral aspects, time pressure, and high expectations. To break down these barriers, students express the need for support and information that they can directly apply to feel better prepared for the activities because they would like to work from existing knowledge rather than explore and discover it themselves. While there are tools to support Inclusive Design projects, they do not consist of fixed, predetermined steps that can be followed, which means they cannot be applied literally, and require students to experiment. To allow students to explore Inclusive Design activities, a safe learning environment has to be created to reduce the barriers. This should ensure that each team member feels safe, supported and comfortable exploring during an Inclusive Design project. The project’s research and design activities resulted in the co-design of a refocusing of the Master elective Inclusive Design. During my graduation project, an edition of the Inclusive Design elective ran in which several interventions were implemented based on my project findings. These interventions aim to break down barriers to exploring Inclusive Design (activities) by establishing a safe learning environment for students. Additionally, I designed a workbook for students that bundles and serves as a tool to lower the barrier. The workbook provides reflective exercises for students to process information throughout an Inclusive Design project iteratively.

The principles of compliant mechanisms have been available to engineering students, students of mechanical engineering. Designers or design students had very little understanding of the principles behind making compliant things(Appendix B- Interviews). Through the course of this project, the relevance of compliant products to designers has been outlined. The basic general principles have been outlined and an introductory workshop experience has been curated using a worksheet as a tool to guide designers in their learning journey and in helping them design their first-ever compliant thing. The concept has been validated on two occasions with two user groups, one on the university level and the other on a professional level. With the emergence of 3D printing as a manufacturing technology for the prototyping needs of a designer, the FDM 3D printing technology is used in attaining the results of the workshop. To direct the project, the values of two stakeholders were considered. First, the IDE Academy, TUDelft. Second a mock business entity, Borderless Quadrant. Through these values, the mechanics of the workshop such as experiential learning, conversational learning have been shaped. The methodological approach of the project is based on the double diamond approach and has - explore, define, develop and deliver phases. During the exploration phase of the project, literature research coupled with interviews with subject matter experts was conducted. The challenges faced by product developers while designing compliant products were outlined. The current delivery of the IDE academy workshop was observed and points for improvement were noted down. The literature research aided in formulating the basics of designing with the flexibility of products. Going into the define phase of the project a vision was formulated i.e “The vision is to encourage play and exploration in the learning journey to get to simple, functional, tangible outcomes”. Based on this vision, a co-creation workshop was set up with a small group of designers. The learnings from this were translated as guidelines for designers. The next step was to validate these guidelines through a workshop for design students that was organized by the IDE academy. For this workshop, the complexity was to deal with the higher number of participants and time. In providing the participants with a consistent learning experience, worksheets based on the guidelines were made. The workshop was successful in introducing this new concept to designers, contextualizing the relevance of designing with flexibility for them, and helping them autonomously achieve results on the topic. The next step was to validate it with professional designers and so the workshop was conducted in a design studio. After the workshop inputs were welcomed in making it more valuable to designers in actually being able to take this skill and apply it to their design practice. Lastly, future directions are discussed and the possibility of a business is discussed.

This thesis aims to help teenagers, aged 14-16, feel confident to express their thought and feelings. By doing so, we aim to create an environment in which teenagers can seek help. Where they can learn how to cope with uncertainties before they turn into bigger and long lasting mental health issues. The thesis does not aim to solve the problem of mental illnesses nor be a solution that prevents it. It aims to create an environment where this changes just enough to move in the right direction and offers a space for solutions with bigger changes. The thesis starts with research. The research phase consists of literature, interviews with people who work with teenagers and a workshop with teenagers themselves. Four cornerstones are selected from the research to build the design upon. These cornerstones are: the tool will help teenagers discover their talents, give them control, show teens they are not the only ones and use gaming to increase motivation. Based on these corner stones the tool is designed through ideation, first testing, development and prototype testing, phase. The tool consists of three elements: a game, amulet and application. The first test consists of 23 teenagers in three sessions in which the assumptions and first ideas are tested. The prototype testing is done during 8 sessions of 6 teenagers. The 48 teens played the game. 42 Interacted with the amulet and 15 offered feedback on the application as well. The teenagers show excitement in discovering their talents through a game. They like the fun and social aspect and the fact that they did not have to assign talents to themselves. However, they experienced that the initial size of the amulet as too big. In the next iteration the size is reduced. Furthermore, the application is given more attention and function. The teenagers express that simply having an object to touch was too abstract. The teenagers also express a need for practicality and understandability. The designed tool helps teenagers discover their talents through a story based game. The game is played with six teenagers and facilitated by a teacher. The teenagers explore these talents over the next week. Through touching the amulet when the teens use their talents, it functions as a non-intrusive cognitive offloading. Later, the app will send a notification and ask them to explain more about the activity during which they used their talents. The app provides guidance in exploring those moments. It breaks the moments up in smaller pieces. It also covers moments in which teens cannot use their talents. After a week, the teenager can use the application and data they stored during a conversation with their mentor. I chose to ask feedback from more teenagers during a short session rather than testing the tool over a week. This is the proposed next step of the project alongside development of the app and working together with experts on the story and questions of the game. The test should be validated to start the implementation phase.

This graduation project focuses on the problem of solid waste, specifically passenger waste at Schiphol Airport. The project aimed to enhance passenger separation behaviour to reduce the amount of residual waste that would be incinerated. The project began by exploring the FF3 bin's context, including its attributes, pilot tests, waste mapping, and user ecosystem. Design conclusions were drawn to align bin elements with Dutch recycling standards, enhance signage visibility, accommodate waste types, prioritize separation, and consider user perspectives. Insights were gained through stakeholder interviews, observations, and engagements with relevant organizations like airports and bin manufacturers. Design adjustments included organic waste separation, cultural diversity accommodation, and communication enhancement. Behavioural analysis using the FOGG model led to strategies for improved separation ability and motivation, accounting for cultural differences. These conclusions formed the problem statement, which could be translated into a roadmap. The roadmap guides actions to enhance waste separation ability and motivation. The iterative design process utilized this foundation, leading to the 'Time To Waste' proposal integrating an FF3 bin skin, campaign, and projectors. This project offered Schiphol insights into how to tackle its zero waste and circular goals, along with a strategic plan for others to achieve similar objectives.

Digital literacy has emerged as an indispensable skill in the 21st-century workforce, compelling educational institutions to adapt their curricula and incorporate digital literacy into their teaching methodologies. This research abstract specifically addresses the challenge of integrating digital literacy into the secondary educational course Design&Technology, which adopts a project-based, competence-driven approach that presents difficulties in establishing overarching guidelines and methods. The primary objective of this project was to explore the structural inclusion of digital literacy within the Design&Technology course while preserving the existing teaching methods. Digital literacy permeates various stages of the Design&Technology projects, particularly in the learning and utilization of digital programs for creating and communicating models, research, and designs. The course emphasizes the significance of self-regulated learning during this process; however, teachers often encounter challenges in fulfilling their coaching role. To foster self-regulated learning among students, teachers must ensure the presence of key elements such as competence, relatedness, and autonomy. Regular reflection on their instructional practices and the course's relevance is crucial for applying effective didactic methods. The final design outcome of this project is a game, intended to be played during pivotal moments within the Design&Technology faculty, such as the start of a school year. The game facilitates the exchange of views and perspectives, promoting a unified outlook on the Design&Technology course at the school. It prompts teachers to reflect on their interventions with student design teams and evaluate the effectiveness of their approaches in supporting the self-regulated learning journey emphasized in the Design&Technology vision. Furthermore, the game provides a safe space for players to express personal opinions and viewpoints. The research project involved initial theoretical research to establish an overview of the scope, followed by engaging internal stakeholders in context-mapping sessions. The iterative phase of the project incorporated experts and stakeholders closely related to the identified problem statement through co-creative sessions, which further refined the game concept. The final evaluation was conducted in a realistic context and involved stakeholders who had no previous involvement with the research project. The evaluation affirmed the anticipated outcomes, demonstrating that the game successfully facilitated reflection among the participants, allowing them to critically assess their daily teaching practices, make informed judgments, and raise questions or uncertainties. Consequently, teachers are now better equipped to provide tailored support to students during unexpected situations, thereby enhancing their self-regulated learning. By employing the game, the integration of digital literacy into Design&Technology projects can be achieved in a structured manner. Engagement with the game improves flexibility, innovation, motivation, and enables teachers to deliver student-centered education.

Cervical cancer is the development of abnormal cell growth on a woman’s cervix. It is a highly preventable and highly curable disease if detected early. Notably, 22.5% of cervical cancer related deaths occur in Africa but, they have the lowest rate of cervical cancer prevention measures worldwide. This project focuses on increasing women’s participation in cervical cancer screenings through redesigning the C Spec, a product that lowers the patient discomfort barrier associated with cervical cancer screenings. The C Spec was developed by the startup company GIC Space. Its design utilizes a narrow body and an endoscopic camera to visualize the cervix via a live mobile phone feed, reducing the diameter needed to stretch the vaginal walls to view the cervix. Although the original C Spec design improves patient comfort, healthcare professional ease of use was limited. This new C Spec design therefore utilizes a speculum style handle attached to the original C Spec main body to allow for intuitive use by healthcare professionals while maintaining patient comfort.

LAYCO Medical Devices BV needs a packaging solution for their new product, vela®, a reusable vacuum extraction device aimed at replacing single-use devices in Dutch hospitals by 2025. The challenge was to design packaging that not only meets stringent medical and logistical requirements in the Netherlands, but also aligns with LAYCO’s commitment to sustainability, reducing environmental impact while ensuring the device’s safety and usability. The proposed packaging solution is a compact box made of corrugated board. The use of this material has a low environmental impact as it is renewable and easy to recycle. The corrugated board cutout of the packaging is cunningly designed to fold into a rigid box with designated placeholders for the product parts. The folding and unfolding of the packaging is specifically designed to increase the ease of use. The packaging solution accumulates 0.046 Grams of CO2eq. in its life cycle whilst competitor packaging solutions are responsible for at least double this number. The design stimulates correct disposal through its usecues. The solution is seamlessly implementable in the existing systems in the healthcare ecosystem. The protective capabilities are validated in several tests with extreme conditions. The importance of this project lies in the fact that packaging solutions currently are all designed to be disposed of. While the transition to a world without the need for disposable packagnig is desired in order to sustain life on earth in the long run, smaller changes right now can significantly decrease our impact on the environment. In this thesis it is explained that by redesigning disposable packaging solutions, we can already half our impact today.

This research, part of the Master Integrated Product Design Engineering at Delft University of Technology, is a collaboration between Red Cross Kenya, TUDelft, INSPiRED, the MakerSpaces of I.O.Me 254 and its participating students. Originating in the 2021 Advanced Embodiment Design course at TUDelft, the Eduscope project aims to improve microscopy accessibility in Sub-Saharan African countries. Leveraging accessible manufacturing technologies, such as 3D printing, and collaborating with local MakerSpaces, it empowers communities by giving them control over the project and enables the fabrication of low-cost digital microscopes. The Eduscope project has focused on real-world testing at I.O.Me 254, serving as a crucial testing ground and incubator. This research builds on this collaboration, starting with an in-depth exploration of Eduscope V2 and the MakerSpace at I.O.Me 001 in Mombasa, Kenya. Three categories, featural, structural & sourcing improvements, were identified, but more essential four missing pieces between the I.O.Me 001 students and the projects’ success were unveiled. Continuing on the four missing pieces, Understanding, Curiosity, Trial & Error and Independence the research goal of “Empowering the students at I.O.Me 001 to develop digital microscopes targeting low-resource secondary schools in Kenya" was outlined. With this research goal three deliverables have been developed to ensure a holistic approach. The Eduscope Rig is an essential tool in initial recruitment of the students by fostering curiosity and understanding. Next to the educational function, the Rig functions as an essential design tool by boosting Trial & Error practices and reducing supply chain independencies. The Eduscope STEM project is a series of workshops crucial to bringing the students up to the level where they can make actual improvements to Eduscope products. Lastly, the Eduscope V3 Prototype serves as tangible and visual presentation for the three improvement categories, creating an updated reference point for the students and boosting the development of the Eduscope V3.

Dressings like mayonnaise can be stored in different ways. A popular way is in a rigid plastic bottle made from PET with a PP closure. This packaging can be designed top-up (the closure is on top of the bottle) or top-down (the bottle stands on the closure). The top-down rigid plastic packaging is the most used by Unilever for their dressings. This top-down configuration has an iconic closure, Figure 2. Figure 2. The Original closure The original closure has a unique aesthetic of a tapered design towards the nozzle. Besides helping the product move more easily towards the opening, this design also helps the user aim the mayonnaise onto the plate. The closure has a silicone valve to create controlled dosing and maintain cleanness inside the closure after dosing. Ensuring this dosing experience is vital to Unilever and Unilever brands. This silicone valve fits into a PP insert, which then is inserted into the closure, Figure 3. Figure 3. The silicone valve and PP insert that goes into the closure. Despite the advantages described above, the downside of this closure is the silicone valve inside. With the upcoming Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR) changes in 2030 and the new legislation in France, the silicone material of the valve is no longer recognized as a recyclable material. The current closure is not recyclable according to the new PPWR legislation. A solution for the original closure is thus required. 7 This is why this new closure is developed, Figure 4. A valveless closure in line with the upcoming legislation and ensures the desired dosing experience. Figure 4. The newly designed valveless closure This newly developed closure consists of multiple features to create the so-called experience. The orifice of the closure is re-designed, to create ease of dosing, and the lid is designed to ensure a leakproof closure. This newly designed closure as a replacer for the original closure is more sustainable since it is a mono-material closure, which enhances recyclability.

This master thesis described the embodiment design process of a new full-range directional hi-fi loudspeaker using a cardioid radiation pattern for Dutch & Dutch. Directional speakers minimize room boundary reflections to ensure the listener listens only to the direct sound waves coming from the speaker instead of also listening to the non-direct sound waves that come from reflections against the wall, floor, and ceiling. Dutch & Dutch current 8c-speaker implement a directional cardioid radiation pattern for frequencies above 100Hz. However, as the human hearing goes to as low as 20Hz, a new concept was developed to accommodate a full-range cardioid radiation pattern. An analysis of the company and its portfolio, sound acoustics, the target group, and design language is presented. The analysis provided guidelines to start the embodiment design, which focuses on aesthetics, materialization, production, and assembly. Experts on these different topics were consulted to provide expertise-feedback and evaluation of the designed solutions. Multiple prototypes were made for evaluation and communication purposes. The final design proposition beholds an embodied concept, including acoustical concept, aesthetical design, and materialization of a full-range directional high-end hi-fi loudspeaker reflecting the values of Dutch & Dutch.

In Low-to-Middle-Income Countries more than 95% of the medical equipment are devices donated by NGOs, usually second hand, refurbished devices from High Income Country Hospitals. However, the lack of consumables and spare parts and infrastructural limitations lead to 70% of that equipment not working, or working improperly shortly after being received. The surgical suction pump at Masanga Hospital is such an example. The use of the suction pump is hindered by: • Lack of consumables and appropriate tubing, leading to a mismatch between the different components • Frequent power shortages Therefore, the goals defined for the project together with the client were to • Solve the dimensional mismatch between the medical consumables and • power the device independently from the Hospital’s solar grid by leveraging locally available resources and manufacturing opportunities. Discover, Define, Freeze The project was started with a profound analysis of the principles of suction at a HIC hospital, followed by the use and function of suction at Masanga, to better understand the current challenge and Masanga and the envisioned use of the suction pump that the design solutions should achieve. The research on suction was followed by an extensive contextual analysis. where the gathered insights helped understand the factors that influence the current situation, as well as limitations and opportunities were The findings were transformed into a List of Requirements and principal design solutions. Executive Summary Develop Various iterations, more than 50 prototypes and an extensive testing protocol were made to achieve the following goals: • To locally 3D print reusable medical tubing connectors, independently from Masanga’s current supply chain and • To make a conceptual plan for building a portable power-pack based on a 12V car battery as the power source to power the suction pump during power shortages Final Deliverables • A tested method of 3D printing reusable medical tubing connectors using PETG filament The connectors were developed through 1. Embodiment Design, 2. Design for Manufacturing and 3. Material choice. The final concept was validated on a TRL level 6. • A detailed concept plan for building a portable power- pack based on a 12V car battery with locally sourced components Conclusion The final validation phase and usability testing showed that the proposed solutions would improve the use of the suction pump, while promoting local manufacturing of spare parts and using common locally popular solutions. Both design solutions however still need to undergo testing in the context before applying them.

In this report, the design process of a high precision positioning system for Ghana is described. The system consists of two devices, a base station and a user operated rover. These devices provide precision positioning, using dual frequency receivers and the principle of differential positioning. The high precision positioning system can be utilized for multiple purposes. The system can open up business opportunities in surveying, can be used to make height maps for flood prediction and to gather meteorological data. The gathering of weather data is the main purpose of TWIGA, under which flag this project runs. During this project, the main focus is to create a working product, which can be tested in Ghana as soon a possible. Therefore, the highest priority is to make a functional device in terms of accurate positioning, data connection and power supply. This device should be suitable for the local environmental conditions, such as tropical rain and a high humidity.