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Congestion control becomes indispensable in highly utilized consolidated networks running demanding applications. In this paper, proactive congestion management schemes for Clos networks are described and evaluated. The key idea is to move the congestion avoidance burden from the data fabric to a scheduling network, which isolates flows using per-flow request counters. The scheduling network comprises per-output arbiters that grant data packets after reserving space for them in the buffer memories in front of fabric outputs. Computer simulations show that this strategy eliminates head-of-line (HOL) blocking and its adversarial effects throughout the fabric, without having to drop packets. In particular, a simplified model describes this result as a synergy between proactive buffer reservations and fine-grained multipath routing. Two alternative designs are presented. The first one places all arbiters in a central control unit, is simpler, and has superior performance. The second is more scalable by distributing the arbiters over the switching elements of the Clos network and by routing the control messages to and from endpoint adapters via multiple paths. Computer simulations of the complete system demonstrate high throughput and low latency under any number of congested outputs. Weighted max-min fair allocation of fabric-output link bandwidth is also demonstrated. Furthermore, delay breakdowns show that the time that packets wait in fabric and resequencing buffers is minimized as a result of the reduced (and equalized across all fabric paths) in-fabric contention. Finally, the high throughput capability of the system is corroborated by a Markov chain analysis of output buffer credits.
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Congestion control becomes indispensable in highly utilized consolidated networks running demanding applications. In this paper, proactive congestion management schemes for Clos networks are described and evaluated. The key idea is to move the congestion avoidance burden from the data fabric to a scheduling network, which isolates flows using per-flow request counters. The scheduling network comprises per-output arbiters that grant data packets after reserving space for them in the buffer memories in front of fabric outputs. Computer simulations show that this strategy eliminates head-of-line (HOL) blocking and its adversarial effects throughout the fabric, without having to drop packets. In particular, a simplified model describes this result as a synergy between proactive buffer reservations and fine-grained multipath routing. Two alternative designs are presented. The first one places all arbiters in a central control unit, is simpler, and has superior performance. The second is more scalable by distributing the arbiters over the switching elements of the Clos network and by routing the control messages to and from endpoint adapters via multiple paths. Computer simulations of the complete system demonstrate high throughput and low latency under any number of congested outputs. Weighted max-min fair allocation of fabric-output link bandwidth is also demonstrated. Furthermore, delay breakdowns show that the time that packets wait in fabric and resequencing buffers is minimized as a result of the reduced (and equalized across all fabric paths) in-fabric contention. Finally, the high throughput capability of the system is corroborated by a Markov chain analysis of output buffer credits.
Conference paper(2014)
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Yves Durand, Paul M. Carpenter, Emil Matus, Iakovos Mavroidis, John Thomson, Stefano Adami, Angelos Bilas, Denis Dutoit, Alexis Farcy, Georgi Gaydadjiev, John Goodacre, Manolis Katevenis, Manolis Marazakis
EUROSERVER is a collaborative project that aims to dramatically improve data centre energy-efficiency, cost, and software efficiency. It is addressing these important challenges through the coordinated application of several key recent innovations: 64-bit ARM cores, 3D heterogeneous silicon-on-silicon integration, and fully-depleted silicon-on-insulator (FD SOI) process technology, together with new software techniques for efficient resource management, including resource sharing and workload isolation. We are pioneering a system architecture approach that allows specialized silicon devices to be built even for low-volume markets where NRE costs are currently prohibitive. The EUROSERVER device will embed multiple silicon 'chiplets' on an active silicon interposer. Its system architecture is being driven by requirements from three use cases: data centres and cloud computing, telecom infrastructures, and high-end embedded systems. We will build two fully integrated full-system prototypes, based on a common micro-server board, and targeting embedded servers and enterprise servers.
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EUROSERVER is a collaborative project that aims to dramatically improve data centre energy-efficiency, cost, and software efficiency. It is addressing these important challenges through the coordinated application of several key recent innovations: 64-bit ARM cores, 3D heterogeneous silicon-on-silicon integration, and fully-depleted silicon-on-insulator (FD SOI) process technology, together with new software techniques for efficient resource management, including resource sharing and workload isolation. We are pioneering a system architecture approach that allows specialized silicon devices to be built even for low-volume markets where NRE costs are currently prohibitive. The EUROSERVER device will embed multiple silicon 'chiplets' on an active silicon interposer. Its system architecture is being driven by requirements from three use cases: data centres and cloud computing, telecom infrastructures, and high-end embedded systems. We will build two fully integrated full-system prototypes, based on a common micro-server board, and targeting embedded servers and enterprise servers.
