Bd
B. da Costa Loeser
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10 records found
1
Beyond hue and heat
A multi-site experimental study of lighting–thermal interactions in human perceptions
Journal article
(2026)
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Mateus Bavaresco, Roberta Jacoby Cureau, Ilaria Pigliautile, Marcel Schweiker, Veronica Martins Gnecco, Giorgia Chinazzo, Edit Barna, Zsofia Deme Belafi, Brenda da Costa Loeser, More authors...
This multi-site experimental study investigated the Hue-Heat Hypothesis (HHH), which posits that light hues can influence human thermal perception, as well as broader cross-modal interactions between visual and thermal domains. Across 464 experimental sessions in eight test rooms around the world, participants were exposed to varied thermal conditions (∼20 °C, ∼24 °C, ∼26 °C, and ∼28 °C) and typical white-light Correlated Color Temperatures (CCT, warm light: ∼3000 K; neutral: ∼4000 K; cool light: ∼6000 K) from LED sources (horizontal illuminance: ∼500 lx). The study assessed thermal, visual, and overall perceptions. Results revealed that thermal sensation and preference were predominantly influenced by thermal conditions, gender, and the laboratory setting, indicating that no statistically significant effects were found in support of the HHH. Similarly, visual perceptions were influenced by lighting conditions but not by the thermal environment. For instance, cool light was perceived as brighter than warm light, leading participants to prefer brighter light under warm light hues. Ultimately, this research revealed the significant challenges of interlaboratory experiments in this field, as local climate and test-room characteristics complicate both the conduct and the standardization of data analysis. Our findings highlight both the limited role of white-light CCT in shaping thermal sensations and the methodological challenges of multi-site comfort research, underscoring the need for careful data harmonization and context-aware analyses in future international collaborations.
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This multi-site experimental study investigated the Hue-Heat Hypothesis (HHH), which posits that light hues can influence human thermal perception, as well as broader cross-modal interactions between visual and thermal domains. Across 464 experimental sessions in eight test rooms around the world, participants were exposed to varied thermal conditions (∼20 °C, ∼24 °C, ∼26 °C, and ∼28 °C) and typical white-light Correlated Color Temperatures (CCT, warm light: ∼3000 K; neutral: ∼4000 K; cool light: ∼6000 K) from LED sources (horizontal illuminance: ∼500 lx). The study assessed thermal, visual, and overall perceptions. Results revealed that thermal sensation and preference were predominantly influenced by thermal conditions, gender, and the laboratory setting, indicating that no statistically significant effects were found in support of the HHH. Similarly, visual perceptions were influenced by lighting conditions but not by the thermal environment. For instance, cool light was perceived as brighter than warm light, leading participants to prefer brighter light under warm light hues. Ultimately, this research revealed the significant challenges of interlaboratory experiments in this field, as local climate and test-room characteristics complicate both the conduct and the standardization of data analysis. Our findings highlight both the limited role of white-light CCT in shaping thermal sensations and the methodological challenges of multi-site comfort research, underscoring the need for careful data harmonization and context-aware analyses in future international collaborations.
Adaptive resilience of indoor thermal comfort in a mixed-mode office
An assessment under anomalous climatic conditions
Journal article
(2026)
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Mateus Bavaresco, Brenda da Costa Loeser, Liége Garlet, Natasha Hansen Gapski, Ana Paula Melo, Roberto Lamberts
Climate anomalies linked to a changing climate increasingly challenge buildings to maintain comfortable indoor environments without excessive energy use. This study assessed physiological, behavioral, and perceptual responses of occupants in a mixed-mode office during an anomalous year in a subtropical region, which caused hotter-than-average conditions in typically mild seasons. In a year-long living-lab experiment, indoor environmental variables, HVAC use, clothing insulation, thermal perceptions, and physiological signals of 21 participants (12 females, 9 males) were monitored to examine adaptations to these anomalous conditions. Hotter-than-average days elicited higher mean and localized skin temperatures, particularly during outdoor exposure during lunch breaks. Occupants also adopted behavioral strategies, mainly reducing clothing insulation and adjusting building systems to reach higher air velocity levels. Indoor thermal perceptions varied under hotter outdoor conditions; however, the magnitude of this shift depended on the analytical direction adopted in the regression modeling. When thermal sensation was treated as the response variable to indoor conditions, the analysis indicated a notable reduction in neutral SET (-1.12 °C) during hotter days, whereas treating indoor conditions as the response to thermal sensation resulted in a minimal shift (+0.12 °C). Overall, the findings suggest that buildings can maintain comfortable conditions under climate anomalies when occupants are provided with meaningful adaptive opportunities. Incorporating building interfaces that enable adaptive opportunities, promoting flexible clothing adjustments, and applying adaptive comfort principles are essential for enhancing both building and human resilience in a warming and increasingly variable climate.
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Climate anomalies linked to a changing climate increasingly challenge buildings to maintain comfortable indoor environments without excessive energy use. This study assessed physiological, behavioral, and perceptual responses of occupants in a mixed-mode office during an anomalous year in a subtropical region, which caused hotter-than-average conditions in typically mild seasons. In a year-long living-lab experiment, indoor environmental variables, HVAC use, clothing insulation, thermal perceptions, and physiological signals of 21 participants (12 females, 9 males) were monitored to examine adaptations to these anomalous conditions. Hotter-than-average days elicited higher mean and localized skin temperatures, particularly during outdoor exposure during lunch breaks. Occupants also adopted behavioral strategies, mainly reducing clothing insulation and adjusting building systems to reach higher air velocity levels. Indoor thermal perceptions varied under hotter outdoor conditions; however, the magnitude of this shift depended on the analytical direction adopted in the regression modeling. When thermal sensation was treated as the response variable to indoor conditions, the analysis indicated a notable reduction in neutral SET (-1.12 °C) during hotter days, whereas treating indoor conditions as the response to thermal sensation resulted in a minimal shift (+0.12 °C). Overall, the findings suggest that buildings can maintain comfortable conditions under climate anomalies when occupants are provided with meaningful adaptive opportunities. Incorporating building interfaces that enable adaptive opportunities, promoting flexible clothing adjustments, and applying adaptive comfort principles are essential for enhancing both building and human resilience in a warming and increasingly variable climate.
Journal article
(2026)
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Larissa Pereira de Souza, Mateus Bavaresco, Brenda da Costa Loeser, Matheus Soares Geraldi, Matheus Körbes Bracht, Ana Paula Melo, Roberto Lamberts
This study investigates the interplay between thermal perception and acoustic annoyance in an open-plan office in Southern Brazil’s hot and humid climate. Using environmental measurements and subjective assessments, the research explores how the thermal and acoustic environment across seasons, and the use of thermal Personalized Environmental Control Systems (PECS) affect occupants’ acoustic and thermal perceptions. Ten noise sources were analyzed to assess their association with acoustic annoyance and the resulting coping mechanisms like the willingness to use headphones (acoustic PECS). People’s activity and colleagues’ thermal PECS were the most common sources of acoustic annoyance. Seasonal patterns showed higher annoyance by people’s activity in summer while colleagues’ thermal PECS were more disturbing in winter due to the louder operation of portable heaters. Results from linear mixed-effect models further revealed that thermal sensation was mainly described by air temperature and participants’ PECS use, while cross-modal effects emerged for thermal pleasure, which was significantly associated with acoustic annoyance from colleagues’ PECS and people’s activity. Conversely, annoyance from people’s activity was explained only by noise levels, while annoyance from colleagues’ PECS was related to both thermal and acoustic factors. These findings highlight that cross-modal interactions selectively shape comfort evaluations and emphasize the role of personal and colleagues’ adaptive behaviors in shared workspaces. However, the relatively small sample size limits the generalization of the results, and future studies should include a larger and more diverse participant group to reinforce these findings.
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This study investigates the interplay between thermal perception and acoustic annoyance in an open-plan office in Southern Brazil’s hot and humid climate. Using environmental measurements and subjective assessments, the research explores how the thermal and acoustic environment across seasons, and the use of thermal Personalized Environmental Control Systems (PECS) affect occupants’ acoustic and thermal perceptions. Ten noise sources were analyzed to assess their association with acoustic annoyance and the resulting coping mechanisms like the willingness to use headphones (acoustic PECS). People’s activity and colleagues’ thermal PECS were the most common sources of acoustic annoyance. Seasonal patterns showed higher annoyance by people’s activity in summer while colleagues’ thermal PECS were more disturbing in winter due to the louder operation of portable heaters. Results from linear mixed-effect models further revealed that thermal sensation was mainly described by air temperature and participants’ PECS use, while cross-modal effects emerged for thermal pleasure, which was significantly associated with acoustic annoyance from colleagues’ PECS and people’s activity. Conversely, annoyance from people’s activity was explained only by noise levels, while annoyance from colleagues’ PECS was related to both thermal and acoustic factors. These findings highlight that cross-modal interactions selectively shape comfort evaluations and emphasize the role of personal and colleagues’ adaptive behaviors in shared workspaces. However, the relatively small sample size limits the generalization of the results, and future studies should include a larger and more diverse participant group to reinforce these findings.
Journal article
(2025)
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B.D.C. Loeser, M. Bavaresco, A.P. Melo
As occupants experience simultaneous stimuli from multiple environmental domains, integrating multi-domain simulation practices can significantly enhance decision-making in the building design phase. This study introduces a multi-domain simulation workflow, merging thermal, visual, acoustic, and air quality domains to evaluate IEQ in offices. A case study uncovered significant challenges in integrating the various domains, underscoring the need for better interoperability between simulation tools. Systems, boundaries, and fluid dynamics shape the interplay between thermal, acoustic, and air quality. Besides, the thermal and visual domains emphasise the need for a holistic approach that also considers the influence of outdoor climate on indoor environments. This comprehensive approach supports initial design processes while highlighting the relevance of detailed multi-domain interactions.
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As occupants experience simultaneous stimuli from multiple environmental domains, integrating multi-domain simulation practices can significantly enhance decision-making in the building design phase. This study introduces a multi-domain simulation workflow, merging thermal, visual, acoustic, and air quality domains to evaluate IEQ in offices. A case study uncovered significant challenges in integrating the various domains, underscoring the need for better interoperability between simulation tools. Systems, boundaries, and fluid dynamics shape the interplay between thermal, acoustic, and air quality. Besides, the thermal and visual domains emphasise the need for a holistic approach that also considers the influence of outdoor climate on indoor environments. This comprehensive approach supports initial design processes while highlighting the relevance of detailed multi-domain interactions.
Journal article
(2025)
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Mateus Bavaresco, Roberta Jacoby Cureau, Ilaria Pigliautile, Edit Barna, Zsofia Deme Belafi, Lorenzo Belussi, Giorgia Chinazzo, Brenda da Costa Loeser, Marcel Schweiker, More Authors
Understanding cross-modal environmental perception is essential for improving occupant well-being and human-centric building design. This paper presents an open-access, multi-site database developed under the IEA-EBC Annex 79 project to test the Hue-Heat Hypothesis (HHH), which hypothesizes that light hue may influence thermal perceptions. The database comprises 543 experimental rounds conducted in eight laboratories across six countries and diverse climate zones, following a shared, rigorously designed protocol. During summer and winter campaigns, participants were exposed to controlled thermal environments and counterbalanced lighting conditions (neutral, reddish, bluish). The database includes detailed metadata on environmental variables, physiological measurements (i.e., heart rate and skin temperature), and self-reported perceptual responses. It also provides standardized technical documentation for each test room, including the detailed experimental protocol and translated survey instruments. All materials are available on the Open Science Framework under the “Multi-site Hue-Heat-Hypothesis Testing” repository. This resource supports research into multi-domain human comfort, enabling analysis of cross-modal and combined effects on human perception and physiological reactions.
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Understanding cross-modal environmental perception is essential for improving occupant well-being and human-centric building design. This paper presents an open-access, multi-site database developed under the IEA-EBC Annex 79 project to test the Hue-Heat Hypothesis (HHH), which hypothesizes that light hue may influence thermal perceptions. The database comprises 543 experimental rounds conducted in eight laboratories across six countries and diverse climate zones, following a shared, rigorously designed protocol. During summer and winter campaigns, participants were exposed to controlled thermal environments and counterbalanced lighting conditions (neutral, reddish, bluish). The database includes detailed metadata on environmental variables, physiological measurements (i.e., heart rate and skin temperature), and self-reported perceptual responses. It also provides standardized technical documentation for each test room, including the detailed experimental protocol and translated survey instruments. All materials are available on the Open Science Framework under the “Multi-site Hue-Heat-Hypothesis Testing” repository. This resource supports research into multi-domain human comfort, enabling analysis of cross-modal and combined effects on human perception and physiological reactions.
Conference paper
(2025)
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Brenda Loeser, Natasha Gapski, Mateus Bavaresco, Ana Paula Melo, Nayara Sakiyama, Maíra André
This study examines the impact of user-controlled HVAC systems on thermal comfort and air quality in open-plan offices. Traditional HVAC approaches often focus on setpoints, velocities, and airflow directions but overlook localised discomfort and uneven distribution. CFD simulations showed that optimising airflow direction improves thermal comfort without increasing energy use. However, higher indoor temperatures affected CO
2 dispersion, maintaining elevated concentrations in the occupant’s breathing zone. The study highlights the importance of balancing thermal comfort and air quality with HVAC strategies. Future research should explore integrating Personal Environmental Control Systems (PECS) and assess their impact on CO
2 concentrations and energy efficiency.
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This study examines the impact of user-controlled HVAC systems on thermal comfort and air quality in open-plan offices. Traditional HVAC approaches often focus on setpoints, velocities, and airflow directions but overlook localised discomfort and uneven distribution. CFD simulations showed that optimising airflow direction improves thermal comfort without increasing energy use. However, higher indoor temperatures affected CO 2 dispersion, maintaining elevated concentrations in the occupant’s breathing zone. The study highlights the importance of balancing thermal comfort and air quality with HVAC strategies. Future research should explore integrating Personal Environmental Control Systems (PECS) and assess their impact on CO 2 concentrations and energy efficiency.
Conference paper
(2024)
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Mateus Bavaresco, Liége Garlet, Natasha Gapski, Brenda Loeser, Ana Melo, Roberto Lamberts
This study assesses the dynamic relations between thermal perceptions and skin temperatures across the day in a hybrid-ventilated office environment. Data were collected during the morning (from 9:00 up to 12:00) and afternoon (from 13:30 up to 16:00) across the summer, autumn, and winter. Through the experiments, participants reported their thermal perceptions of the environment every 30 minutes via online surveys. Results indicated that mean skin temperatures were influenced by time of day and participants' gender, with afternoon temperatures generally higher than morning temperatures. Results also supported that the skin temperatures of female subjects varied more rapidly according to the operative temperature, especially during the afternoon. Finally, participants tended to prefer warmer conditions when skin temperatures were lower and vice-versa. The findings emphasize the complex interplay between thermal comfort, occupants' gender, and circadian rhythms, highlighting the importance of in-depth characterizations of occupants' thermal preferences.
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This study assesses the dynamic relations between thermal perceptions and skin temperatures across the day in a hybrid-ventilated office environment. Data were collected during the morning (from 9:00 up to 12:00) and afternoon (from 13:30 up to 16:00) across the summer, autumn, and winter. Through the experiments, participants reported their thermal perceptions of the environment every 30 minutes via online surveys. Results indicated that mean skin temperatures were influenced by time of day and participants' gender, with afternoon temperatures generally higher than morning temperatures. Results also supported that the skin temperatures of female subjects varied more rapidly according to the operative temperature, especially during the afternoon. Finally, participants tended to prefer warmer conditions when skin temperatures were lower and vice-versa. The findings emphasize the complex interplay between thermal comfort, occupants' gender, and circadian rhythms, highlighting the importance of in-depth characterizations of occupants' thermal preferences.
Journal article
(2024)
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Natasha Hansen Gapski, Brenda da Costa Loeser, Mateus Vinícius Bavaresco, Liége Garlet, Ana Paula Melo, Roberto Lamberts
ste estudo avaliou a relação entre a temperatura de cor correlata (TCC) da iluminação e a percepção térmica humana, assim como a relação entre a temperatura do ar e a percepção visual em ocupantes de ambientes internos. O experimento foi conduzido em uma câmara climática, utilizando o protocolo internacional do projeto Round Robin Test Rooms com o objetivo de testar a hipótese Hue Heat, que sugere que um ambiente com luz quente causaria sensação de calor. Os participantes foram expostos a três condições de iluminação com diferentes temperaturas de cor correlata (quente – 2850 K, neutra – 3928 K, e fria – 5688 K) durante um período de 30 minutos em cada condição. O experimento foi repetido com diferentes temperaturas do ar (20, 26 e 28°C), durante o qual foram aplicados questionários de conforto, aceitabilidade e percepção térmica e visual. Os resultados, analisados com o método qui-quadrado, indicaram a não observância de diferenças estatísticas significativas entre a temperatura do ar e a percepção visual, nem entre a temperatura de cor correlata da iluminação e a resposta térmica dos ocupantes. O trabalho desenvolvido colabora com os estudos dos fatores que influenciam relações entre os múltiplos domínios do conforto ambiental.
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ste estudo avaliou a relação entre a temperatura de cor correlata (TCC) da iluminação e a percepção térmica humana, assim como a relação entre a temperatura do ar e a percepção visual em ocupantes de ambientes internos. O experimento foi conduzido em uma câmara climática, utilizando o protocolo internacional do projeto Round Robin Test Rooms com o objetivo de testar a hipótese Hue Heat, que sugere que um ambiente com luz quente causaria sensação de calor. Os participantes foram expostos a três condições de iluminação com diferentes temperaturas de cor correlata (quente – 2850 K, neutra – 3928 K, e fria – 5688 K) durante um período de 30 minutos em cada condição. O experimento foi repetido com diferentes temperaturas do ar (20, 26 e 28°C), durante o qual foram aplicados questionários de conforto, aceitabilidade e percepção térmica e visual. Os resultados, analisados com o método qui-quadrado, indicaram a não observância de diferenças estatísticas significativas entre a temperatura do ar e a percepção visual, nem entre a temperatura de cor correlata da iluminação e a resposta térmica dos ocupantes. O trabalho desenvolvido colabora com os estudos dos fatores que influenciam relações entre os múltiplos domínios do conforto ambiental.
Journal article
(2024)
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Brenda Loeser, Natasha Hansen Gapski, Mateus Bavaresco, Liége Garlet, Ana Paula Melo, Roberto Lamberts
A aclimatação dos ocupantes em rotinas que envolvem a transição entre ambientes internos e externos, por vezes, aumenta o consumo de energia dos edifícios. Este estudo avaliou a influência da transição de ambientes para ocupantes de um living lab. Monitoraram-se as variáveis fisiológicas e ambientais dos participantes e aplicaram-se questionários. A análise concentrou-se nos dados do período pós-almoço, quando os participantes retornavam ao ambiente monitorado. Os resultados mostraram que a temperatura da pele e frequência cardíaca variam conforme o local onde o participante almoçou, porém, após 5 a 10 minutos do retorno, as curvas de variação são similares. O mesmo padrão foi observado nos votos de sensação, preferência, aceitabilidade e conforto térmico. Enquanto as respostas imediatas após o intervalo de almoço apresentaram maior variabilidade, as seguintes (10 a 60 minutos) foram mais homogêneas, com tendências de sensações neutras, preferências sem alterações no ambiente, maiores níveis de conforto e aceitabilidade. Esses resultados podem orientar diretrizes de comportamento do usuário na busca por ambientes mais satisfatórios, confortáveis e energeticamente eficientes.
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A aclimatação dos ocupantes em rotinas que envolvem a transição entre ambientes internos e externos, por vezes, aumenta o consumo de energia dos edifícios. Este estudo avaliou a influência da transição de ambientes para ocupantes de um living lab. Monitoraram-se as variáveis fisiológicas e ambientais dos participantes e aplicaram-se questionários. A análise concentrou-se nos dados do período pós-almoço, quando os participantes retornavam ao ambiente monitorado. Os resultados mostraram que a temperatura da pele e frequência cardíaca variam conforme o local onde o participante almoçou, porém, após 5 a 10 minutos do retorno, as curvas de variação são similares. O mesmo padrão foi observado nos votos de sensação, preferência, aceitabilidade e conforto térmico. Enquanto as respostas imediatas após o intervalo de almoço apresentaram maior variabilidade, as seguintes (10 a 60 minutos) foram mais homogêneas, com tendências de sensações neutras, preferências sem alterações no ambiente, maiores níveis de conforto e aceitabilidade. Esses resultados podem orientar diretrizes de comportamento do usuário na busca por ambientes mais satisfatórios, confortáveis e energeticamente eficientes.
Relação entre variáveis fisiológicas e sensação térmica
Estudo de caso em um ambiente compartilhado
Journal article
(2023)
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Natasha Hansen Gapski, Brenda Costa Loeser, Mateus Vinícius Bavaresco, Liége Garlet, Ana Paula Melo, Roberto Lamberts
A satisfação térmica em ambientes internos é essencial para a manutenção do bem-estar e qualidade de vida dos seus ocupantes. Nesse sentido, este trabalho observou a relação entre variáveis fisiológicas do corpo humano e a sensação térmica de um grupo de pessoas em um ambiente de escritório localizado na cidade de Florianópolis/SC. Foram realizadas medições de temperatura de pele em dez pontos do corpo dos participantes, e o monitoramento de batimentos cardíacos. Estas variáveis foram relacionadas aos votos de sensação térmica a cada meia hora, entre 9h e 16h. Os dados de temperatura superficial medidos foram organizados em quatro grupos corporais (cabeça, tronco, braços e pernas) para uma avaliar os pontos com melhor correlação com as respostas de sensações térmicas de frio, neutro e calor. Verificou-se que o grupo dos braços apresentou maior frequência de temperaturas elevadas em votos de sensação de calor e menores temperaturas em votos de sensação de frio. Em relação à frequência cardíaca, observou-se maior variabilidade entre os batimentos em votos de sensação de calor e frio, em comparação aos neutros. Por fim, a análise da frequência cardíaca e da temperatura da pele não apontou correlações diretas com as respostas de sensação térmica.
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A satisfação térmica em ambientes internos é essencial para a manutenção do bem-estar e qualidade de vida dos seus ocupantes. Nesse sentido, este trabalho observou a relação entre variáveis fisiológicas do corpo humano e a sensação térmica de um grupo de pessoas em um ambiente de escritório localizado na cidade de Florianópolis/SC. Foram realizadas medições de temperatura de pele em dez pontos do corpo dos participantes, e o monitoramento de batimentos cardíacos. Estas variáveis foram relacionadas aos votos de sensação térmica a cada meia hora, entre 9h e 16h. Os dados de temperatura superficial medidos foram organizados em quatro grupos corporais (cabeça, tronco, braços e pernas) para uma avaliar os pontos com melhor correlação com as respostas de sensações térmicas de frio, neutro e calor. Verificou-se que o grupo dos braços apresentou maior frequência de temperaturas elevadas em votos de sensação de calor e menores temperaturas em votos de sensação de frio. Em relação à frequência cardíaca, observou-se maior variabilidade entre os batimentos em votos de sensação de calor e frio, em comparação aos neutros. Por fim, a análise da frequência cardíaca e da temperatura da pele não apontou correlações diretas com as respostas de sensação térmica.