Submarine power cables (SPCs) are subjected to complex mechanical loadings during service, including tension, bending, torsion, and their combinations. However, systematic studies on the behavior of SPCs – particularly multi-core configurations – under such combined environmental loadings remain limited. This lack of comprehensive analysis hampers a full understanding of their mechanical responses and consequently restricts the design and development of these critical structures. Building upon our previously validated Representative Unit Cell (RUC) model for local mechanical analysis under pure tension and pure bending, this paper extends the investigation to a three-core SPC under a range of combined load cases. In addition, full-scale models are developed to study the torsional response in greater detail. The findings of this study provide valuable guidance for cable engineers, offering new insights into the internal interactions within SPCs and supporting more robust cable design.

This paper presents a stochastic optimization model for predictive maintenance scheduling in offshore wind farms. The proposed model integrates probabilistic Remaining Useful Life (RUL) prognosis with mathematical optimization and Model Predictive Control (MPC) techniques that updates RUL beliefs with new prognostic measurements at each epoch to dynamically adjust maintenance decisions. Unlike conventional scheduling methods that rely on static age thresholds, our approach uses real-time prognostics to improve cost efficiency and reduce downtime. A case study on 50 wind turbines demonstrates that dynamically adapting maintenance schedules using prognostics reduces O&M expenses by 8.7%, primarily through significant reductions in downtime, compared to traditional methods.

Floating Modular Energy Islands (FMEIs) are modular floating structures which combine different types of renewable energy production systems. FMEIs are still at their conceptual phase; however, they promise good potential for using the limited ocean space in an efficient way to produce renewable energy. Since those systems would have different components and related materials, offshore construction/installation work and systems to transport generated energy to land, their environmental sustainability is an important aspect to evaluate, as for other existing marine renewable energy systems. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a scientific, standardized and quantitative methodology for the evaluation of environmental sustainability and it is accepted to be compatible for the evaluation of marine renewable energy systems. This study focuses on previous applications of LCA on various marine renewable energy systems, which have the potential of being a component of a floating modular energy island. With this aim, a brief literature review on possible different components of energy islands is conducted. Offshore wind energy, tidal energy systems, wave energy converters, floating solar energy and hydrogen energy are selected to be reviewed in the study. For the literature review, a common literature screening methodology is developed with a similar keyword group except the marine renewable energy type considered. Selected papers in each energy type production technology are reviewed with reference to the main phases of a LCA study: Goal and Scope Definition; Life Cycle Inventory (LCI); Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) and Interpretation. Under each subtitle, the approaches followed are assessed covering the important aspects, methodology/criteria considered, and challenges encountered. By this way, it is aimed to generate knowledge on the LCA methodology as a guideline for the FMEIs.

The complex interplay of numerous helical components within submarine power cables (SPCs), especially those with significant contact issues due to initial residual stress, complicates their modelling and limits our understanding of these structures. In this paper we proposed an effective modelling method designed for the local mechanical analysis of SPCs under bending. The method was developed based on three key aspects: (1) constructing appropriate finite elements to reduce the number of elements required; (2) employing contact damping to address the effects of initial residual stress at contact interfaces; and (3) applying periodic boundary conditions on a repeated unit cell (RUC) to reduce the model size. The accuracy of this method was validated through extensive testing on both single-core and three-core SPC samples, and its efficiency was confirmed by comparing these results with those obtained from traditional full-scale models. Following validation, the model was employed to illustrate the local mechanical behaviours of SPCs under bending, both at the overall level and at the component level. This model serves as a powerful tool for cable engineers, offering deeper insights into the internal interplays of SPCs. All relevant codes developed in this paper are freely available at https://pan-fang.github.io/Codes/.

The research on the dynamics analysis-based energy-saving technology is significant to reduce ship energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The adoption of dynamics analysis theory and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approaches can achieve the optimal design and energy efficiency improvement of the ship. This research focuses on the ship energy efficiency improvement technology through CFD-based dynamics analysis, including the hull optimization design, drag reduction technology, navigation state optimization, efficient propulsion devices, energy-saving equipment, and the coupled dynamics analysis for comprehensive performance optimization. The current research and application status of ship performance optimization based on CFD approaches for energy-efficient shipping are systematically analyzed. On this basis, the challenges and problems in the application of the CFD-based energy-saving technology are discussed, and the future research works are proposed, aiming to provide references for the development of ship energy-saving technology based on CFD approaches. The analysis results show that the adoption of CFD-based dynamics analysis methods can effectively optimize the ship dynamics performance, thus reducing ship energy consumption and pollution gas emissions. In the future, the CFD-based coupled dynamics analysis should be further studied to achieve the overall performance optimization of the integrated ship-engine-propeller-appendages system under the influence of multiple complex factors, to continuously improve the ship energy efficiency, thus promoting the low-carbon development of the shipping industry.

The need for a fast transition towards electricity generation pushed large investments in highrisk, high-impact technologies such as floating Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES), which are expected to be highly cost efficient with respect to state-of-the-art offshore wind energy technology. Current research on the matter does not address the design challenge of a tailored floater, necessary to suit at most the unique features of such systems, and foster their industrial and commercial development. The goal of this study is to review the available solutions from traditional floating offshore wind energy systems, and hence to propose a straightforward concept, adapted from current designs, for the deployment of AWESs. Moreover, to provide insights on how the geometrical parameters influence its motion response, a sensitivity study is performed, testing different design solutions against a wave scatter. In view of a cost-effective solution, a spar-like concept, adapted to the specific needs of AWESs, is proposed. The sensitivity analysis suggests the need to adopt aspect ratio larger than 4 to effectively mitigate the pitch response; in addition, heave response emerges as a possible design constraint with large impact on the device’s costs.

As the wind industry expands into remoter and deeper areas of the open sea with abundant wind energy, environmental loadings become harsher. This increases the requirements for submarine power cables (SPCs), which serve as the ‘lifeline’ for transporting electricity. Consequently, a more advanced design based on a thorough understanding of this structure is needed. However, the complex configuration and intensive contact issues within SPCs limit our understanding and make them black boxes for cable engineers. To gain more insights, methods for performing local mechanical analysis of SPCs are necessary. Despite this need, a comprehensive review of existing methods for local mechanical analysis of SPC is still lacking. Therefore, it is essential to review the available methods and provide guidelines for utilizing and developing these methods.

Wind-assisted propulsion system (WAPS) is one of the important energy-saving measures for shipping decarbonization. The optimal design and operation control of wind-assisted ships can efficiently harvest and utilize wind energy, and thus further tapping the potential of improving the ship energy efficiency. However, there remains a shortage of the comprehensive analysis of the wind-assisted technologies to provide references for further study and practical applications of the WAPS. Thus, the present progress achieved in the key techniques, including the aerodynamics analysis for different sails, the optimal design and operation control of the ship adopting WAPS, as well as the comprehensive analysis of the sail-diesel hybrid propulsion system (SDHPS), are systematically analyzed. Additionally, the challenges encountered in the development of the WAPS are proposed, and prospective research directions are suggested to boost advancement of the WAPS for the shipping decarbonization. The investigation results indicate that the optimal design of sails and hybrid power systems, along with the applications of energy efficiency optimization strategies, can fully use the wind energy resources and reduce fuel usage of the ship equipped with WAPS. Additionally, it is anticipated that the wind-assisted technology incorporating complicated sea conditions can contribute to a further optimization of ship energy utilization, thereby promoting the low-carbon development of the shipping industry.

Submarine power cables in offshore wind farm operate within a complex multiphysics environment. Despite being designed to be both flexible and robust though, their mechanical characteristics are susceptible to variations of thermal field. Bending studies of submarine power cables present challenges rooted in geometry complexity, component contact, and material non-linearity, compounded by the intricate stick–slip mechanism. The difficulty is further intensified when incorporating the thermal impact on material and contact properties. This paper presents a three-dimensional Representative Volume Element (RVE) model for predicting the nonlinear bending stiffness of three-core submarine power cables. The RVE model, developed with constant curvature and periodic boundary conditions, incorporates dashpots to address the stick–slip challenges associated with cable bending. This modeling approach minimizes the required cable length for bending analysis, significantly reducing computational costs. Validation against the bending test of a three-core cable at room temperature, alongside comparison with a 3D full-scale finite element (FE) model, demonstrates the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed RVE approach. Furthermore, the study explores the thermal effect on cable bending, highlighting the capabilities of the proposed RVE model in facilitating thermal–mechanical coupled flexural analysis of submarine power cables. This research contributes to advancing understanding and optimization of submarine power cable design for offshore applications.

Numerical modeling of the floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) dynamics plays a critical role at the design stage of a floating wind project. Still, there exist challenges for verification of efficient engineering models against experimental results. Recently, an experimental campaign was carried out for a 1:96 downscaled model of the OC4-DeepCWind semi-submersible platform with mooring lines made of fiber ropes and chains. Leveraging the results of this campaign, this paper focuses on the development and calibration of a numerical model for the semi-submersible platform with a focus on the dynamic responses under bichromatic waves. In the numerical model, the hydrodynamic loads are modeled based on the potential flow theory with Morison drag. The lumped mass method is applied to model the mooring system. Both free decay tests and bichromatic wave conditions are considered in the model calibration process, and key uncertain parameters (e.g., mooring line length) that affect the response have been identified and discussed. Using the proposed calibration procedure, we establish a reasonably good numerical model for prediction of the platform motion and mooring dynamics. The low-frequency responses of the platform under bichromatic waves are well-captured. These outcomes contribute to the development of efficient numerical FOWT models under experimental uncertainty.

The complex structure and material property of a cable, particularly the stick-slip issue among its components pose the challenge for the bending analysis of submarine power cables. The calculation time and convergence problem of a full model makes the simulation unpractical during the design phase. This paper takes advantage of the peculiar structural property of helical components inside a cable, proposing a computational homogenization approach for analyzing the cable behavior under bending from global and local perspectives. This method assumes a macro model that is based on the theory of periodic beamlike structure, and a short-size micro model that is solved through a detailed finite element study. Results demonstrate the efficiency and capability of the proposed model that considers the structure nonlinearity and contact condition of a multi-layer cable with helical wires.

Effective operation and maintenance (O&M) management is significant for enhancing the economic performance of offshore wind farms. Despite recent research progress in O&M, there remains a gap in integrating health prognostics and spare parts inventory into decision-making processes at the scale of offshore wind farms. To bridge this gap, this paper develops an optimisation framework integrating these aspects to establish cost-effective joint maintenance and inventory policies. In the framework, a maintenance policy is firstly developed to plan maintenance actions based on component health and maintenance opportunities. Meanwhile, in order to support maintenance implementation, a multi-echelon inventory network using (s, S) policies is proposed to store diverse units across distinct warehouses. A genetic algorithm (GA) is then employed to identify the optimal policy, aiming to minimise overall costs. Upon developing the optimisation framework, in order to illustrate the application of the proposed approach in practice, a numerical simulation of a generic offshore wind farm in the North Sea is performed. Results demonstrate that comprehensive O&M management considering interrelationship between maintenance and inventory policies reduces overall costs, showcasing its capacity in strengthening the economic performance. Finally, sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the most influential O&M factors, providing actionable insights for O&M management.

This study investigates the optimization of the operation and maintenance of offshore wind turbines based on condition monitoring data. Due to their increasingly remote and challenging location, a decision framework is proposed that optimizes the cost and risk of maintenance scheduling based on, dynamic Bayesian network based, iterative estimation of turbine lifetime. This allows for the combining of predictive and opportunistic maintenance strategies, scheduling preventative component replacements to minimize lost production, while maximizing lifetime and optimizing use of resources. Assessment of related literature and applications suggests the approach could lead to a reduction of maintenance costs that exceeds 30%. The proposed framework relies on effective fault detection and prognosis of wind turbine components, realised through the implementation of machine learning techniques on the turbine’s own SCADA system. The installing of additional sensors can potentially increase the capability of this system for more advanced diagnosis and localization of a fault.

Offshore wind energy is expected to be the most significant source of future electricity supply in Europe. Offshore wind farms are located far from the shores, requiring a fleet of various types of vessels to access sites when maintaining offshore wind turbines. The employment of the vessels is costly, accounting for the majority of the total O&M costs for offshore wind energy. Therefore, configuring the size and mix of the vessel fleet to support maintenance operations in a cost-effective manner is an issue of importance to enhance economics of offshore wind sector. In this paper, a discrete event simulation based model is proposed to present how a mixed vessel fleet with the specific configuration, including crew transfer vessels, field support vessels, and heavy lift vessels, performs maintenance for an offshore wind farm. The economic performance of the vessel fleet under a predetermined condition-based opportunistic maintenance strategy is investigated by using the model. A metaheuristic algorithm, simulated annealing, is employed to find the optimal fleet size and mix to make leasing decisions with the minimum costs. The performance of the developed approaches is evaluated by using a generic offshore wind farm in the North Sea. The sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the most influential O&M factors.

Predicting the bending behaviours of a submarine power cable (SPC) is always a tough task due to its complex geometry and inner layer contact, not to mention the stick–slip mechanism. A full-scale finite element model is cumbersome during the early design stage and a more efficient model for practical use is required. Therefore, in this paper, a repeated unit cell (RUC) technique-based FE model is developed, which simplifies the bending analysis of SPCs using a short-length representative cell with periodic conditions. The verification of this RUC model is conducted from cable and component levels, respectively. The cable overall response is validated by the curvature-moment relationships from our cable bending tests regarding four cable samples whose material properties are obtained through a set of material tests. As for the component level, the behaviours of particular components are studied and compared with the results from a full-scale numerical model. Discrepancy is observed between the RUC model and the test, which can be explained by the distinctions of boundary conditions between these two methods. The proposed Cable-RUC model has been found robust and computationally efficient for studying SPCs under bending.