The development of hydrogen import value chains is considered essential to achieving long-term decarbonization goals in the Netherlands. Although the systemic complexity of international hydrogen trade is acknowledged in the literature, empirical research into the policy and governance aspects of these import chains remains limited in the Dutch context. This study examines the extent to which current Dutch and EU policy frameworks address the challenges associated with early-stage hydrogen import chains, drawing on case studies of the United Kingdom (non-EU, non-EEA) and Norway (non-EU, EEA).

A qualitative case study approach was employed, combining policy document analysis with 18 semi-structured stakeholder interviews from various sectors, including industry, infrastructure, research institutions, and government-affiliated organizations. The qualitative data were coded and analyzed using Atlas.ti, with categories of transition challenges based on the frameworks of Weber et al. (2012) and bolhuis (2024), which were used to structure the findings.

The analysis reveals a range of interdependent challenges, including regulatory complexity, infrastructure bottlenecks, limited financial support for ammonia cracking, and a lack of tailored safety frameworks. Nevertheless, some instruments, most notably H2Global and the RED III RFNBO mandates, are positively received by stakeholders and viewed as promising instruments to stimulate investment and demand. Their full potential, however, depends on timely implementation, increased scale, and improved alignment across national and European levels. Variation in national export contexts further shapes the character of the challenges: in the UK, regulatory divergence and uncertainty surrounding export subsidies are key constraints; in Norway, more substantial institutional alignment is offset by public concerns surrounding the use of ammonia.

Enhancing the current Dutch policy framework through an updated national import strategy, robust and clear demand articulation, infrastructure development, and targeted policy for green ammonia imports would improve investor confidence and facilitate the timely development of international hydrogen import chains.