Knowing the location and characteristics of shallow subsurface structures like tunnels, cavities, archeological ruins, etc. is of importance for different disciplines and application. To image and/or characterize such objects of interest, different geophysical methods are used. For imaging of a very shallow network of tunnels, the high-resolution seismic method with active sources provide valuable information. We show the results of analysis of an S-wave profile recorded over a network of very shallow tunnels in the Netherlands. The survey used a high-frequency vibratory S-wave source and horizontal particle-velocity geophones, both oriented in the crossline direction, along three lines. We process the reflection data along one of the lines to obtain a stacked section in depth. We also use a method inspired by seismic interferometry to localize a scatterer along the line. We show that both techniques image well the subsurface structures taking into account the 3D ambiguity of processing 2D data.

Unexpected geological structures can cause safety and economic risks during underground excavation. Therefore, predicting possible geological threats while drilling a tunnel is important for operational safety and for preventing expensive standstills. Subsurface information for tunneling is provided by exploratory wells and by surface geological and geophysical investigations, which are limited by location and resolution, respectively. For detailed information about the structures ahead of the tunnel face, geophysical methods are applied during the tunnel-drilling activity. We present a method inspired by seismic interferometry and ambient-noise correlation that can be used for detecting scatterers, such as boulders and cavities, ahead of a tunnel while drilling. A similar method has been proposed for active-source seismic data and validated using laboratory and field data. Here, we propose to utilize the seismic noise generated by a Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM), and recorded at the surface. We explain our method at the hand of data from finite-difference modelling of noise-source wave propagation in a medium where scatterers are present. Using the modelled noise records, we apply cross-correlation to obtain correlation gathers. After isolating the scattered arrivals in these gathers, we cross-correlate again and invert for the correlated traveltime to locate scatterers. We show the potential of the method for locating the scatterers while drilling using noise records due to TBM.

The investigation and detection of faults, fractures, karst zones, cavities, etc., is important to reduce hazardous risks, in particular during excavation with tunnel boring machines. To locate such scatterers, we propose a method based on seismic interferometry that uses the noise signals generated by a TBM. Using finite-difference modelling of TBM noise in a homogeneous half-space, we model noise recordings. We then correlate the noise to obtain non-physical scattered arrivals for various scatterer locations. We use both non-physical scattered P- and S-wave arrival times to successfully estimate the location of scatterers.

The investigation and detection of near-surface structures (cavities, caves, tunnels, mineshafts, buried objects, archeological ruins, water reservoir, etc.) is important to mitigate geo-and environmental hazards. We use a method inspired by seismic interferometry to estimate the location of a cavity in a scaled ultrasonic experiment, representative for geophysical field problems. We use only one source at the surface and retrieve ghost scattered waves by evaluating the correlation of scattered waves at different receiver locations. As an exploitation of the ghost arrival information, the ghost travel times are determined and combined to estimate the location of a cavity with good accuracy.