JF
J.L.B. Feldbrugge
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Towards a friction-guided planning doctrine
Using friction as a diagnostic compass for a new Dutch planning doctrine
Dutch spatial planning is under growing pressure. Housing, energy, climate adaptation, agriculture, and nature all need space, while land is already limited and contested. Flevoland makes this tension especially visible: once planned as a flexible new landscape, it is now shaped by soil and water limits, infrastructure pressure, local routines, and attachment. This thesis asks whether the Three Spaces Model can support a new, friction-guided Dutch planning doctrine, not as a fixed blueprint, but as a way to make spatial decisions more consciously.
The research uses Flevoland as a diagnostic case. It analyses historical development, current spatial pressures, policy debates, media sources, and field observations. It then uses explorative scenario planning and design fiction as spatial crash-tests to examine what happens when one spatial logic becomes too dominant: the thought space of policy targets and maps, the physical space of soil and water, or the lived space of routines, attachment and local experience.
The study finds that spatial conflicts often arise when these three realities are separated too early or translated too late. Therefore, a friction-guided doctrine requires more than planning principles alone. It also depends on three institutional conditions: methodological openness, power accountability, and temporal alignment. These conditions make it possible to adapt plans, reveal unequal spatial burdens, and prevent fast political deadlines from overruling slower ecological and social realities.
The thesis proposes five planning principles: Translational, Integrated, Condition-Driven, Relational-Safeguarding, and Socio-Ecological Transition Planning. Together, they offer an open doctrine that uses friction as an early warning signal before spatial ambitions become fixed. ...
The research uses Flevoland as a diagnostic case. It analyses historical development, current spatial pressures, policy debates, media sources, and field observations. It then uses explorative scenario planning and design fiction as spatial crash-tests to examine what happens when one spatial logic becomes too dominant: the thought space of policy targets and maps, the physical space of soil and water, or the lived space of routines, attachment and local experience.
The study finds that spatial conflicts often arise when these three realities are separated too early or translated too late. Therefore, a friction-guided doctrine requires more than planning principles alone. It also depends on three institutional conditions: methodological openness, power accountability, and temporal alignment. These conditions make it possible to adapt plans, reveal unequal spatial burdens, and prevent fast political deadlines from overruling slower ecological and social realities.
The thesis proposes five planning principles: Translational, Integrated, Condition-Driven, Relational-Safeguarding, and Socio-Ecological Transition Planning. Together, they offer an open doctrine that uses friction as an early warning signal before spatial ambitions become fixed. ...
Dutch spatial planning is under growing pressure. Housing, energy, climate adaptation, agriculture, and nature all need space, while land is already limited and contested. Flevoland makes this tension especially visible: once planned as a flexible new landscape, it is now shaped by soil and water limits, infrastructure pressure, local routines, and attachment. This thesis asks whether the Three Spaces Model can support a new, friction-guided Dutch planning doctrine, not as a fixed blueprint, but as a way to make spatial decisions more consciously.
The research uses Flevoland as a diagnostic case. It analyses historical development, current spatial pressures, policy debates, media sources, and field observations. It then uses explorative scenario planning and design fiction as spatial crash-tests to examine what happens when one spatial logic becomes too dominant: the thought space of policy targets and maps, the physical space of soil and water, or the lived space of routines, attachment and local experience.
The study finds that spatial conflicts often arise when these three realities are separated too early or translated too late. Therefore, a friction-guided doctrine requires more than planning principles alone. It also depends on three institutional conditions: methodological openness, power accountability, and temporal alignment. These conditions make it possible to adapt plans, reveal unequal spatial burdens, and prevent fast political deadlines from overruling slower ecological and social realities.
The thesis proposes five planning principles: Translational, Integrated, Condition-Driven, Relational-Safeguarding, and Socio-Ecological Transition Planning. Together, they offer an open doctrine that uses friction as an early warning signal before spatial ambitions become fixed.
The research uses Flevoland as a diagnostic case. It analyses historical development, current spatial pressures, policy debates, media sources, and field observations. It then uses explorative scenario planning and design fiction as spatial crash-tests to examine what happens when one spatial logic becomes too dominant: the thought space of policy targets and maps, the physical space of soil and water, or the lived space of routines, attachment and local experience.
The study finds that spatial conflicts often arise when these three realities are separated too early or translated too late. Therefore, a friction-guided doctrine requires more than planning principles alone. It also depends on three institutional conditions: methodological openness, power accountability, and temporal alignment. These conditions make it possible to adapt plans, reveal unequal spatial burdens, and prevent fast political deadlines from overruling slower ecological and social realities.
The thesis proposes five planning principles: Translational, Integrated, Condition-Driven, Relational-Safeguarding, and Socio-Ecological Transition Planning. Together, they offer an open doctrine that uses friction as an early warning signal before spatial ambitions become fixed.
Social Heating
A model to deliver affordable, renewable district heating by prioritising the social housing community
Student report
(2025)
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J.L.B. Feldbrugge, J.A. Naik, D.D. Harris, F.H. Kool, X.R.H. Kioe-A-Sen, M.M. Dabrowski, N. Katsikis
In order to achieve the national target of climate neutrality by 2050, the Netherlands needs to undergo an energy transition that will result in sweeping change to the energy system. Within the current energy system, energy poverty plagues nearly 400.000 Dutch households, and 75 percent of those households reside in social housing. What if the systemic change inherent to the impending energy transition could be used as an opportunity to eradicate energy poverty in the Netherlands? To answer this question, we design a vision and strategy to develop an affordable, renewable heating system in the region of Arnhem-Nijmegen, with the social housing community acting as both the social and organisational heart. We call this Social Heating. The vision and strategy have been designed using a mixed-methods approach involving conceptual and technical literature reviews, along with news media, policy, case study, energy, organisational, and spatial analyses. The result is a vision of an expanded, renewables-based district heating network extending to most of the Arnhem-Nijmegen region, delivered by a new, non-profit organisation, the Social Heating Association (“SHA”). An associated strategy details how the vision will be implemented through a combination of spatial and policy interventions, ordered over time in five phases extending to 2100. By harnessing the existing organisational capacity of social housing communities, and with careful planning and bold action, it is possible to provide affordable, renewable heating to all in the Arnhem-Nijmegen region. Further, we believe this model for heating can be used as a template for implementation in similar regions across the Netherlands.
...
In order to achieve the national target of climate neutrality by 2050, the Netherlands needs to undergo an energy transition that will result in sweeping change to the energy system. Within the current energy system, energy poverty plagues nearly 400.000 Dutch households, and 75 percent of those households reside in social housing. What if the systemic change inherent to the impending energy transition could be used as an opportunity to eradicate energy poverty in the Netherlands? To answer this question, we design a vision and strategy to develop an affordable, renewable heating system in the region of Arnhem-Nijmegen, with the social housing community acting as both the social and organisational heart. We call this Social Heating. The vision and strategy have been designed using a mixed-methods approach involving conceptual and technical literature reviews, along with news media, policy, case study, energy, organisational, and spatial analyses. The result is a vision of an expanded, renewables-based district heating network extending to most of the Arnhem-Nijmegen region, delivered by a new, non-profit organisation, the Social Heating Association (“SHA”). An associated strategy details how the vision will be implemented through a combination of spatial and policy interventions, ordered over time in five phases extending to 2100. By harnessing the existing organisational capacity of social housing communities, and with careful planning and bold action, it is possible to provide affordable, renewable heating to all in the Arnhem-Nijmegen region. Further, we believe this model for heating can be used as a template for implementation in similar regions across the Netherlands.