BACKGROUND: Long-term noise annoyance can be expected to have worse outcomes than short-term annoyance. This study investigates noise annoyance over time, its association with personality traits and potential reciprocal effects between health outcomes and noise annoyance. METHODS: Firstly, we conducted a Longitudinal Latent Class Analysis to identify noise annoyance profiles. We further analysed the effect of Big Five personality traits on the likelihood of belonging to these annoyance profiles. Secondly, we used Cross-lagged Panel Models to analyse whether changes in noise annoyance precede changes in health outcomes or vice versa. For both analyses, we used 8 years of data from the Dutch Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences (LISS) panel. Between 2708 and 11,068 subjects were included (this varies between models). RESULTS: We found three profiles of noise annoyance, namely, chronically, occasionally and never annoyed. Among all participants, 12% were chronically annoyed by neighbour noise and 6% by street noise. Extraversion and emotional stability decreased the chance of belonging to the cluster of chronically annoyed, while openness had the opposite effect. Chronic noise annoyance showed a significant effect on self-reported heart complaints and sleeping problems, while the effects of noise annoyance profiles on high blood pressure and heart attacks were insignificant. Some potential indications for a reverse effect from health outcomes on noise annoyance were found. CONCLUSION: Noise annoyance was relatively stable over time possibly because of its correlation with personality traits. Noise had a small negative effect on health outcomes, and some health outcomes affected noise annoyance. Further research should be conducted to collect dedicated panel data.

Noise annoyance and its relation to health outcomes have been studied extensively. The vast majority of studies in this field use cross-sectional data. Such data does not allow investigation of temporal effects or the direction of these effects. It is reasonable to expect that the effects of noise on health build up over time. Moreover, noise may not only impact health outcomes, but health outcomes may also impact the sensitivity to noise – hence flipping the direction of the effect. Further adding to the complexity of the relationship between noise and health outcomes is the fact that personality traits may influence re-ported noise annoyance. This study aims to shed light on the accumulative effects of noise annoyance on health, as well as the bidirectional relationships between noise annoyance and health. To do so, we analyze eight years of data from the Dutch Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences (LISS) panel. Specifically, we conduct a Longitudinal Latent Class Analysis to identify annoyance profiles and analyze the effect of Big Five personality traits on the likelihood of belonging to the different annoyance profiles. Furthermore, we use Cross-Lagged Panel Models to analyze whether changes in noise annoy-ance precede changes in health outcomes or vice versa. We find three different profiles of noise annoy-ance, namely chronically annoyed people, occasionally annoyed people, and people who are generally not annoyed. Noise annoyance was found to be relatively stable over time. Regarding personality traits, we find that extraversion and emotional stability decrease the chance of belonging to the cluster of chronically annoyed persons, while openness has the opposite effect. Finally, chronic annoyance shows a significant effect on self-reported heart complaints and sleeping problems, while the effects of noise annoyance profiles on high blood pressure and heart attacks are insignificant.