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P. Marqués Carrasco
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RSCAD Modelling and Analysis of Large Scale Off-Grid Systems for Green Hydrogen Production
Dynamic Stability Comparison of Grid-Forming BESS and Synchronous Condenser in Large-Scale Microgrids
Green hydrogen demand is increasing and key energy companies are working to develop projects to meet this growing market demand. Large-scale green hydrogen production requires the integration of renewable energy sources, power-electronic converters, electrolysers and energy storage systems. To adapt to current constraints, such as high hydrogen production cost and electricity supply limitations, companies are looking into islanded AC microgrids as solutions. In these systems, the absence of a strong external grid introduces challenges related to voltage regulation, frequency stability, power balancing and disturbance response. This thesis develops and analyses scalable real-time EMT models of off-grid AC microgrids for green hydrogen production using RTDS.
Three microgrid models are developed with incremental power ratings: 50 kW, 200 kW and 20 MW. The first model is used to validate the microgrid implementation in RTDS, startup procedure and islanded operation with a grid-forming battery storage system. The 200 kW model expands the system by adding a synchronous condenser and the electrolyser droop control, allowing the impact of inertia, reactive power support and BESS power injection requirements to be evaluated. The 20 MW model adds a wind power plant to support the PV plant and includes the modelling of transmission lines, cables and transformers into the system. A Power Plant Controller is developed to manage the microgrid operation.
The results show that stable islanded operation can be achieved in all three models when the BESS provides the frequency and voltage reference. In the 200 kW model, the addition of the synchronous condenser improves damping and reduces BESS reactive power injection by 80%. In the 20 MW system, the synchronous condenser improves voltage and frequency response during load-disconnection events, providing the initial response to the disturbance. The BESS provides the sustained active power balancing to the microgrid. However, sudden generation-loss events lead to microgrid collapse, even when the lost active power is within the nominal BESS rating. Further analysis has indicated that the BESS control system response is the key factor to ensure microgrid stability.
In conclusion, this thesis indicates that synchronous condensers are valuable support devices for converter-dominated hydrogen microgrids, improving damping, voltage regulation and initial disturbance response. On the other hand, the transient behaviour and overall performance of the grid-forming BESS control system remains the key element to ensure a resilient off-grid microgrid ...
Three microgrid models are developed with incremental power ratings: 50 kW, 200 kW and 20 MW. The first model is used to validate the microgrid implementation in RTDS, startup procedure and islanded operation with a grid-forming battery storage system. The 200 kW model expands the system by adding a synchronous condenser and the electrolyser droop control, allowing the impact of inertia, reactive power support and BESS power injection requirements to be evaluated. The 20 MW model adds a wind power plant to support the PV plant and includes the modelling of transmission lines, cables and transformers into the system. A Power Plant Controller is developed to manage the microgrid operation.
The results show that stable islanded operation can be achieved in all three models when the BESS provides the frequency and voltage reference. In the 200 kW model, the addition of the synchronous condenser improves damping and reduces BESS reactive power injection by 80%. In the 20 MW system, the synchronous condenser improves voltage and frequency response during load-disconnection events, providing the initial response to the disturbance. The BESS provides the sustained active power balancing to the microgrid. However, sudden generation-loss events lead to microgrid collapse, even when the lost active power is within the nominal BESS rating. Further analysis has indicated that the BESS control system response is the key factor to ensure microgrid stability.
In conclusion, this thesis indicates that synchronous condensers are valuable support devices for converter-dominated hydrogen microgrids, improving damping, voltage regulation and initial disturbance response. On the other hand, the transient behaviour and overall performance of the grid-forming BESS control system remains the key element to ensure a resilient off-grid microgrid ...
Green hydrogen demand is increasing and key energy companies are working to develop projects to meet this growing market demand. Large-scale green hydrogen production requires the integration of renewable energy sources, power-electronic converters, electrolysers and energy storage systems. To adapt to current constraints, such as high hydrogen production cost and electricity supply limitations, companies are looking into islanded AC microgrids as solutions. In these systems, the absence of a strong external grid introduces challenges related to voltage regulation, frequency stability, power balancing and disturbance response. This thesis develops and analyses scalable real-time EMT models of off-grid AC microgrids for green hydrogen production using RTDS.
Three microgrid models are developed with incremental power ratings: 50 kW, 200 kW and 20 MW. The first model is used to validate the microgrid implementation in RTDS, startup procedure and islanded operation with a grid-forming battery storage system. The 200 kW model expands the system by adding a synchronous condenser and the electrolyser droop control, allowing the impact of inertia, reactive power support and BESS power injection requirements to be evaluated. The 20 MW model adds a wind power plant to support the PV plant and includes the modelling of transmission lines, cables and transformers into the system. A Power Plant Controller is developed to manage the microgrid operation.
The results show that stable islanded operation can be achieved in all three models when the BESS provides the frequency and voltage reference. In the 200 kW model, the addition of the synchronous condenser improves damping and reduces BESS reactive power injection by 80%. In the 20 MW system, the synchronous condenser improves voltage and frequency response during load-disconnection events, providing the initial response to the disturbance. The BESS provides the sustained active power balancing to the microgrid. However, sudden generation-loss events lead to microgrid collapse, even when the lost active power is within the nominal BESS rating. Further analysis has indicated that the BESS control system response is the key factor to ensure microgrid stability.
In conclusion, this thesis indicates that synchronous condensers are valuable support devices for converter-dominated hydrogen microgrids, improving damping, voltage regulation and initial disturbance response. On the other hand, the transient behaviour and overall performance of the grid-forming BESS control system remains the key element to ensure a resilient off-grid microgrid
Three microgrid models are developed with incremental power ratings: 50 kW, 200 kW and 20 MW. The first model is used to validate the microgrid implementation in RTDS, startup procedure and islanded operation with a grid-forming battery storage system. The 200 kW model expands the system by adding a synchronous condenser and the electrolyser droop control, allowing the impact of inertia, reactive power support and BESS power injection requirements to be evaluated. The 20 MW model adds a wind power plant to support the PV plant and includes the modelling of transmission lines, cables and transformers into the system. A Power Plant Controller is developed to manage the microgrid operation.
The results show that stable islanded operation can be achieved in all three models when the BESS provides the frequency and voltage reference. In the 200 kW model, the addition of the synchronous condenser improves damping and reduces BESS reactive power injection by 80%. In the 20 MW system, the synchronous condenser improves voltage and frequency response during load-disconnection events, providing the initial response to the disturbance. The BESS provides the sustained active power balancing to the microgrid. However, sudden generation-loss events lead to microgrid collapse, even when the lost active power is within the nominal BESS rating. Further analysis has indicated that the BESS control system response is the key factor to ensure microgrid stability.
In conclusion, this thesis indicates that synchronous condensers are valuable support devices for converter-dominated hydrogen microgrids, improving damping, voltage regulation and initial disturbance response. On the other hand, the transient behaviour and overall performance of the grid-forming BESS control system remains the key element to ensure a resilient off-grid microgrid