This final chapter synthesises the explorations within this book on the indeterminate nature of threshold spaces between land and water, revealing their spatial, ecological, and social complexity. Shaped by both natural processes and human interventions, these zones challenge conventional notions of fixed boundaries. Coastal and riverfront areas – often sites of cultural identity, historical memory, and contemporary transformation – are now under mounting pressure from climate change, urbanisation, and infrastructural expansion.

Drawing on a range of case studies, the contributions advocate a shift in planning and design thinking: moving away from rigid delineations towards embracing fuzziness as an operative concept for interpreting, designing, and managing these liminal spaces. This book calls for interdisciplinary approaches that integrate scientific, cultural, and local knowledge to reimagine the adaptation of urban landscapes.

Through a combination of theoretical reflections and practical examples, the chapters in this book develop an essential framework of Fuzziness, offering urban practitioners and researchers new conceptual and operational tools to foster resilience, enhance adaptability, and support sustainable transformation along water bodies.

As reported in the most recent IPCC report (2022), the risk of flooding in Europe has increased over the last five decades, becoming the second largest cause of both economic and social losses caused by climate change-induced extreme events. Nowadays, the adaptation of vulnerable urban areas has become a priority objective in the political and legislative management of cities. Among the different architectural measures to adapt the city to the negative externalities caused by the rise in the mean sea level is the design of amphibious buildings (AB) to reduce the vulnerability of private space in the city. ABs are buildings composed of a structure that allows flotation while remaining anchored to the point of origin on land. During floods, the floating foundation of ABs allows it to rise from the ground and float on the surface of floodwater. Although several AB prototypes are nowadays built both in North America and Asia, only four projects have already been built in Europe. The aim of the article is to collect, catalog and describe the characteristics of ABs as a response to urban flood risk. Methodologically, the architectural qualities of ABs are researched by comparing, through a matrix, the four constructed European cases. Then, the architectural qualities are investigated in a SWOT matrix analysis. Indeed, through a review of the existing cases, with a focus on data related to the construction and implementation of ABs in the urban fabric, results are presented on the parameters of safety, purpose, aesthetics, technology, sustainability, utility, and cost-efficiency. We consider that through the orderly classification and cataloging of the state of the art of built AB buildings, it is possible to define new paths for architectural and urban implementation in order to respond to the need for urban adaptation to extreme water events.

Future sea-level rises on the urban waterfront of coastal and riverbanks cities will not be uniform. The impact of floods is exacerbated by population density in nearshore urban areas, and combined with land conversion and urbanization, the vulnerability of coastal towns and public spaces in particular is significantly increased. The empirical analysis of a selected number of waterfront projects, namely the winners of the Mies Van Der Rohe Prize, highlighted the different morphological characteristics of public spaces, in relation to the approximation to the water body: near the shoreline, in and on water. The critical reading of selected architectures related to water is open to multiple insights, allowing to shift the design attention from the building to the public space on the waterfronts. The survey makes it possible to delineate contemporary features and lay the framework for urban development in coastal or riverside areas.