This study investigates the integration of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology with Electric Car Sharing Systems (ECSS) to enhance their profitability while implementing active peak reduction strategies. Focusing on a station-based ECSS with a fleet of 24 electric vehicles (EVs) across five stations, the research develops a mathematical model to maximize system profits by optimizing driving, relocation, charging, and discharging activities enabled by V2G functionality.

The analysis encompasses scenarios with and without V2G under varying electricity pricing schemes - uniform time-varying and location-dependent time-varying - and seasonal conditions, including summer and winter. Results indicate that V2G significantly increases profits by selling energy back to the grid during periods of low driving demand and high electricity prices, especially in cases of location-specific price variations. Active peak reduction measures effectively lower peak load demand with minimal impact on profitability. However, the inclusion of V2G introduces complexities, such as higher vehicle relocation costs and increased battery cycling, necessitating advanced management strategies.

The findings emphasize the critical role of dynamic electricity pricing and regulatory incentives in maximizing V2G benefits, highlighting the potential for ECSS to support grid stability while reducing peak load demand. Future research should address real-world challenges, including user demand variability, vehicle availability, and battery degradation, to refine the model’s practical applicability. By combining car-sharing with V2G, this study contributes to sustainable urban mobility and renewable energy integration, offering a promising direction for innovation in transportation and energy systems.