This thesis compares two pathways for decarbonising long-haul freight: Battery Electric Heavy-Duty Vehicles (BEHDVs) using static charging and BEHDVs supported by Electric Road Systems (ERS) enabling dynamic charging. Using the Multi-Actor Multi-Criteria Analysis (MAMCA) and Best-Worst Method (BWM), the study evaluates both options from the perspectives of six stakeholder groups: carriers, shippers, vehicle manufacturers, grid operators, road operators, and freight forwarders.

Stakeholder criteria were identified through eleven expert interviews and weighted via BWM surveys, then linked to measurable, normalised indicators. Results show BEHDV-only is preferred by manufacturers and freight forwarders, while ERS is favoured by grid and road operators for its grid load balancing and land use efficiency. Shippers and carriers show moderate ERS preference, citing reliability and driver well-being benefits.

A phased strategy, static charging for near-term deployment and targeted ERS rollout on high-utilisation corridors, is recommended to balance operational, economic, and long-term sustainability goals.