Many farms of wind turbines are being installed worldwide as a response to clean energy targets. These farms are usually installed in offshore environments since limitations of space can be encountered or due to public pressure against the visual disruption that farms can cause in urban areas. These offshore wind turbines are commonly founded on monopiles, which have been traditionally installed in shallow waters. Nevertheless, current trends show preference towards turbines of greater capacity which are installed in deeper waters. This trend poses uncertainties and new challenges to the offshore industry since most of the gained experience lies on the installation of monopiles in shallow waters. The hydromechanical response of soil and soil-structure interaction during the installation is complex and far from being fully understood yet. Thus, research projects involving advanced physical and numerical modelling techniques could be proposed as a first step to gain a better insight in the impact pile driving technique and how different soil conditions can influence the installation procedure of such monopiles. The current study is part of a project lead by Royal IHC, which has been developed at Delft University of Technology.This numerical study aims to study the dynamic behaviour of saturated sand and pile response by means of numerical simulations of a series of centrifuge tests using the finite element method in the time domain. These experiments were going to be performed in open-ended piles using the centrifuge facility of Delft University of Technology as part of a separate research project. Special attention has been given to the prediction of boundary effects in the centrifuge experiments since limitations of space are present in the facility. Two types of drainage conditions have been considered, i.e. fully drained and fully undrained. Two relative densities have been chosen to cope with loose and dense sand response, i.e. RD = 30% to 90%, respectively. A hypoplastic model has been used to model the surrounding soil, while soil-structure interaction has been addressed using a zone of degraded material properties as a continuum.Numerical predictions have shown that boundary effects may be usually stronger in denser soil conditions. In addition, liquefaction has been predicted to take place in the surroundings of the pile when driven into loose sand. In this regard, the effects of an initial soil liquefaction triggering event have been predicted to not influence in a significant manner pile drivability. In general, boundary effects have been shown to be problem dependent, i.e. on the geometry, stress state and soil packing state. In addition, drainage conditions and the amount of degradation of strength and stiffness properties have shown to play a role on numerical predictions of impact pile driving response. In addition, a numerical validation has been performed by comparison with preliminary centrifuge test results on dry dense sand. Finally, it has been concluded that the use of lateral viscous boundaries may be a suitable strategy to mitigate boundary effects in impact pile driving centrifuge tests. A first estimation of the damping demand of these Soft Boundaries (SB) has been presented in this study. Future studies should aim in exploring different numerical techniques in the sake of improving the predicting capabilities, e.g. by considering particle based methods such as MPM to extend the current research findings within multiple-blow centrifuge tests and by incorporating more complexities within the simulation of the hammer impact.

During the last decade, the focus of offshore activities have shifted from oil and gas production to offshore wind farm creation to reach the clean energy targets set by different nations. Foundation requirements for offshore structures have shifted because of this. The monolithic nature of windmills allows the use of a single open-ended steel pile as a foundation. While their installation procedure is similar to onshore piles, the dimensions of these open-ended piles are of a different scale, measuring up to 8 meters in diameter and 80 meters in length. The hydro mechanical response of the soil and the soil-structure interaction during the installation of the piles is complex and not yet fully understood. To better comprehend the soil behaviour during installation Royal IHC has initiated a research project in collaboration with the TU Delft. The current study is part of this research project. Using advanced physical and numerical modelling methods, a first step is made to gain better insight in the soil behaviour.

Using advanced physical centrifuge modelling techniques this study aims to provide insight into the soil behaviour and pile response during impact pile driving. The model can help validate numerical models and provide a controlled test environment for further modelling. To achieve this a new model impact pile driving setup was developed. This setup is capable of modelling the blow rate and impact energy of offshore pile driving hammers. A new data measurement system and sensor equipment was also created to capture parameters such as pore fluid pressure, blow rate, impact speed and pile displacement. Model piles can be installed in a controlled and repeatable environment. Special care has been taken to achieve correct coupling between the hydro mechanical response and the impact driving in the model.

Preliminary results from the model show no major scaling or modelling errors compared to numerical results. However validation of the model is needed and could be done by using a case study. The setup itself is operating efficiently and is highly adaptable for future research goals. The tests performed during this research were limited due to time constraints. Installation parameters such as pile displacement and pore fluid pressure development are in the range as expected. Furthermore, a correlation was seen between the radial distance from the pile tip and the increase of pore fluid pressure. Comparison of pile displacement with numerical models show similar results. Future studies should focus on varying impact pile driving parameters such as blow rate, blow energy and impact speed to define a correlation between the development of pore fluid pressure and impact pile driving parameters. This could improve the future efficiency of impact pile driving. The long term effects on the stability of the foundation should be regarded in future studies.