BB
B. Baryhe
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Loneliness research has mainly focused on an inside-out perspective, examining how lonely individuals process social information. Less is known about the outside-in perspective: how people judge whether someone else appears lonely and which visual cues guide that judgment. Because loneliness is not always outwardly apparent, understanding how judgments of perceived loneliness are formed may help explain when loneliness becomes socially visible, when it remains overlooked, and when it is misattributed. This study examines how elements of a visual scene influence perceived loneliness and attention toward the person being judged. Participants (N = 54) viewed 102 AI-generated photorealistic images (six everyday scenes × 17 versions) while their eye movements were recorded. In each scene, a baseline image showed the foreground person alone, with a neutral expression in a neutral setting. Manipulated versions of each baseline scene changed the person’s facial expression, the weather, the presence of objects, the background density, or the surrounding social situation. In the social scenes, further versions changed whether the foreground person remained neutral or reacted to the social situation. Each image was presented for 3 seconds, after which participants rated how lonely the foreground person appeared. Perceived loneliness was quantified as the rating shift from the matched baseline (absolute shift for magnitude comparisons); visual attention was quantified as dwell time percentage (DTP) on the foreground person’s face. Among scenes depicting a single person, the facial expression manipulation produced the largest mean absolute rating shift and the highest face DTP of the four manipulation types. Changing the weather also produced relatively large mean absolute rating shifts, though these were not consistent across the weather variations, and reduced face DTP relative to baseline. The presence of objects and cluttered backgrounds mainly reduced face DTP without corresponding changes in perceived loneliness. In scenes depicting multiple people, the foreground person’s reaction to the surrounding social situation was associated with a stronger influence on both loneliness judgments and face DTP than the type of social situation itself: reaction to the social situation produced larger mean absolute rating shifts and lower face DTP than remaining neutral. Overall, manipulations that produced the largest changes in loneliness judgments did not consistently produce the highest face DTP. This suggests that perceived loneliness was influenced by facial, environmental, and social information rather than attention on the face alone. However, how observers combined these cues was not directly examined here.
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Loneliness research has mainly focused on an inside-out perspective, examining how lonely individuals process social information. Less is known about the outside-in perspective: how people judge whether someone else appears lonely and which visual cues guide that judgment. Because loneliness is not always outwardly apparent, understanding how judgments of perceived loneliness are formed may help explain when loneliness becomes socially visible, when it remains overlooked, and when it is misattributed. This study examines how elements of a visual scene influence perceived loneliness and attention toward the person being judged. Participants (N = 54) viewed 102 AI-generated photorealistic images (six everyday scenes × 17 versions) while their eye movements were recorded. In each scene, a baseline image showed the foreground person alone, with a neutral expression in a neutral setting. Manipulated versions of each baseline scene changed the person’s facial expression, the weather, the presence of objects, the background density, or the surrounding social situation. In the social scenes, further versions changed whether the foreground person remained neutral or reacted to the social situation. Each image was presented for 3 seconds, after which participants rated how lonely the foreground person appeared. Perceived loneliness was quantified as the rating shift from the matched baseline (absolute shift for magnitude comparisons); visual attention was quantified as dwell time percentage (DTP) on the foreground person’s face. Among scenes depicting a single person, the facial expression manipulation produced the largest mean absolute rating shift and the highest face DTP of the four manipulation types. Changing the weather also produced relatively large mean absolute rating shifts, though these were not consistent across the weather variations, and reduced face DTP relative to baseline. The presence of objects and cluttered backgrounds mainly reduced face DTP without corresponding changes in perceived loneliness. In scenes depicting multiple people, the foreground person’s reaction to the surrounding social situation was associated with a stronger influence on both loneliness judgments and face DTP than the type of social situation itself: reaction to the social situation produced larger mean absolute rating shifts and lower face DTP than remaining neutral. Overall, manipulations that produced the largest changes in loneliness judgments did not consistently produce the highest face DTP. This suggests that perceived loneliness was influenced by facial, environmental, and social information rather than attention on the face alone. However, how observers combined these cues was not directly examined here.