This study focuses on optimizing last-mile delivery in e-commerce by balancing cost efficiency and customer preferences, particularly for mixed perishable and non-perishable goods networks. As online grocery shopping grows, ensuring the timely and efficient delivery of perishable
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This study focuses on optimizing last-mile delivery in e-commerce by balancing cost efficiency and customer preferences, particularly for mixed perishable and non-perishable goods networks. As online grocery shopping grows, ensuring the timely and efficient delivery of perishable products while maintaining quality remains a critical challenge. The model evaluates home delivery, attended pickup points, and lockers, revealing that cost-driven strategies shift deliveries toward self-pickup, with perishable items primarily assigned to attended pickup points due to temperature control. The findings provide insights for improving delivery network design, enhancing service quality, and optimizing the distribution of both perishable and non-perishable products.