This study experimentally investigates the combined impact of several parameters on the two-phase flow distribution in an evaporator header for an air/water mixture, in flow pattern similarity with a low Global Warming Potential refrigerant. The test were performed at isothermal conditions under the assumption that phase change is negligible in an evaporator header. The water and air flow rates were varied and three inlet qualities were targeted (x=0.04,0.1and0.25). Total mass fluxes G ranging from 42 kg/(sm²) to 513 kg/(sm²) were covered. The impact of the fluid properties on the flow patterns was preliminary and theoretically evaluated by means of flow maps for all pipe directions: horizontal, vertical upward and vertical downward. A rectangular header connected to eight parallel channels of internal diameter (I.D.) of 10 mm was used to mimic an evaporator. Four header and channels orientations were investigated. The inlet position and the diameter of the feeding tube (23 mm or 56 mm) could be changed as well as the channels intrusion inside the header height. A flow pattern breaking device, also called splashing grid, was also tested at the inlet of the header. A Design Of Experiment (DOE) technique was used to build an optimized test matrix ensuring that the impact of each parameter individually as well as their combinations could be assessed in a balanced manner and within a minimum amount of tests. Forty-eight tests were needed. The standard deviation of the water flow distribution among the channels is set as comparative variable. Based on the experimental results, a ranking of the most influential parameters was established. The study highlights that the orientation of the header and channels is the most significant parameter impacting the flow distribution, followed the tube inlet position. The combined influence of the inlet tube position and diameter, the tube intrusion and the presence/absence of the splashing grid is evaluated for each of the four orientations. Based on these conclusions, design rules were established for each header and channel orientation. The findings of this research represent a significant advancement in the field and can serve as a foundation for greatly improving flow distribution within evaporators, thereby enhancing their thermal performance.

In evaporators, the distribution of the liquid and vapor phases among the channels is a convoluted problem, depending on a wide range of parameters. However, maldistribution causes important losses of performance. Due to their complexity, the accurate modeling of such two-phase flows is difficult to handle. Hence, experimental studies are still of great importance to help the understanding of maldistribution behaviors inside evaporators. Most of the experimental investigations of two-phase flow distribution are measuring the liquid and vapor quantities in the channels through a phase separation process, increasing the test duration and complexity. As a consequence, the number of parameters investigated is usually limited. Therefore, a new inline instrumentation method would allow for a more complete study by simplifying the measurement process. In the present work, an isothermal air/water mixture was used as fluid. The distribution of the two phases in eight channels of 10-mm I.D. connected to a simplified header was investigated. The inlet mass flow rates considered ranged from 0 to 0.025 kg/s for the water, and from 0 to 0.022 kg/s for the air. Consequently, qualities x up to 0.7 and void fractions ® up to 0.9 were reached. All the tests were carried at a pressure condition of 7 bar to reach a liquid to vapor density ratio similar to what is encountered for traditional refrigerant. Finally, to allow a continuous measurement process, the mass flow rates in each of the 10-mm I.D. channel were measured using a flowmeter calibrated on a separate line. Since no void fraction meter was coupled, a new iterative methodology, based on the Venturi pressure drops measurement solely, was developed and is proposed here. It proved to successfully predict the vapor and liquid phase flow rates in each channel.