This study experimentally investigates the two-phase flow distribution of the low global warming potential refrigerant R1234ze(E) within a full-scale evaporator. The evaporator has two passes, each comprising eighteen parallel channels. The combined and individual effect of several parameters, including four different header and channel orientations, six inlet and outlet pipes positions, and the presence of an inlet flow device in the header, on the flow distribution are evaluated. To compare the two-phase flow distribution performance across different configurations, a uniformity coefficient is defined and calculated from infrared (IR) thermography images of the first pass of the evaporator. A test matrix of 24 experiments is designed using a design of experiments (DOE) technique. Six mass flow rates ranging from 0.02 to 0.065 kg/s are tested at vapor qualities of 0.18 or 0.3 and saturation temperatures of 5 °C or 25 °C. The results reveals that the header and channel orientation have the most significant impact. Optimal inlet and outlet pipe locations have been identified for each orientation. The uniformity coefficient results are compared with the evaporator thermal efficiency, showing four distinct linear trends depending on the header and channel orientation. These findings provide insights into the key-factors impacting two-phase flow distribution within evaporators, contributing to the understanding of optimal evaporator design and operation.

This study experimentally investigates the combined impact of several parameters on the two-phase flow distribution in an evaporator header for an air/water mixture, in flow pattern similarity with a low Global Warming Potential refrigerant. The test were performed at isothermal conditions under the assumption that phase change is negligible in an evaporator header. The water and air flow rates were varied and three inlet qualities were targeted (x=0.04,0.1and0.25). Total mass fluxes G ranging from 42 kg/(sm²) to 513 kg/(sm²) were covered. The impact of the fluid properties on the flow patterns was preliminary and theoretically evaluated by means of flow maps for all pipe directions: horizontal, vertical upward and vertical downward. A rectangular header connected to eight parallel channels of internal diameter (I.D.) of 10 mm was used to mimic an evaporator. Four header and channels orientations were investigated. The inlet position and the diameter of the feeding tube (23 mm or 56 mm) could be changed as well as the channels intrusion inside the header height. A flow pattern breaking device, also called splashing grid, was also tested at the inlet of the header. A Design Of Experiment (DOE) technique was used to build an optimized test matrix ensuring that the impact of each parameter individually as well as their combinations could be assessed in a balanced manner and within a minimum amount of tests. Forty-eight tests were needed. The standard deviation of the water flow distribution among the channels is set as comparative variable. Based on the experimental results, a ranking of the most influential parameters was established. The study highlights that the orientation of the header and channels is the most significant parameter impacting the flow distribution, followed the tube inlet position. The combined influence of the inlet tube position and diameter, the tube intrusion and the presence/absence of the splashing grid is evaluated for each of the four orientations. Based on these conclusions, design rules were established for each header and channel orientation. The findings of this research represent a significant advancement in the field and can serve as a foundation for greatly improving flow distribution within evaporators, thereby enhancing their thermal performance.

The uneven distribution of flow phases in evaporator channels can drop the heat exchanger efficiency up to 30%. Due to its dependence on the interaction of several coexisting variables – both geometry, operating conditions, and fluid properties – it is a complex phenomenon to analyze. Most studies focus on the effect of single parameters: this is an inefficient and expensive way of doing experiments, and the results lack in understanding how the combination of variables affects the flow distribution. This paper presents a methodology to optimally characterize and predict the distribution of flow phases in the channels of an evaporator header based on Design of Experiment (DoE) techniques. Despite the proven potential of DoE methods, they have never been applied in this field. Tests were conducted with an air–water mixture in the configuration horizontal header with vertical channels with downward flow, varying inlet pipe position, channels intrusion, presence of a splashing grid at the header inlet, and air and water flow rates. Results prove that, when working with complex processes, interaction effects between variables cannot be neglected as they significantly affect the response. The most affecting parameter was found to be the air flow rate, followed by the combination between inlet pipe position and presence of the splashing grid. With horizontal inlet, the optimal response was given by absence of intrusion, presence of the splashing grid, lowest water, and highest air flow rate. Instead, for the vertical case, the distribution was enhanced with the highest intrusion, absence of the grid, and highest water and air flow rates. Lastly a first attempt to model the process was performed. Even if a universal regression model has low accuracy (51%), restricting the area of analysis can result in valid predictive relations, with accuracies up to 91.4%.

In evaporators, the distribution of the liquid and vapor phases among the channels is a convoluted problem, depending on a wide range of parameters. However, maldistribution causes important losses of performance. Due to their complexity, the accurate modeling of such two-phase flows is difficult to handle. Hence, experimental studies are still of great importance to help the understanding of maldistribution behaviors inside evaporators. Most of the experimental investigations of two-phase flow distribution are measuring the liquid and vapor quantities in the channels through a phase separation process, increasing the test duration and complexity. As a consequence, the number of parameters investigated is usually limited. Therefore, a new inline instrumentation method would allow for a more complete study by simplifying the measurement process. In the present work, an isothermal air/water mixture was used as fluid. The distribution of the two phases in eight channels of 10-mm I.D. connected to a simplified header was investigated. The inlet mass flow rates considered ranged from 0 to 0.025 kg/s for the water, and from 0 to 0.022 kg/s for the air. Consequently, qualities x up to 0.7 and void fractions ® up to 0.9 were reached. All the tests were carried at a pressure condition of 7 bar to reach a liquid to vapor density ratio similar to what is encountered for traditional refrigerant. Finally, to allow a continuous measurement process, the mass flow rates in each of the 10-mm I.D. channel were measured using a flowmeter calibrated on a separate line. Since no void fraction meter was coupled, a new iterative methodology, based on the Venturi pressure drops measurement solely, was developed and is proposed here. It proved to successfully predict the vapor and liquid phase flow rates in each channel.