This paper reports on the application of electric automated vehicles in the city of Appelscha, The Netherlands. Appelscha is challenged with a predicted decline of inhabitants and an already shrinking public transport network. To preserve the region's accessibility, the municipality started a pilot with electric automated vehicles. These vehicles drove on a separate cycle lane for six weeks in 2016. This pilot has shown that a pilot is possible, with little infrastructural changes. Even though the maximum speed of 15 km/h might suggest that automated vehicles are suitable to share the road with cyclists, the cycle lane in Appelscha was not sufficient due to the width of the cycle lane. No accidents occurred during the pilot.@en

This paper reports about the operation of the automated and electric ParkShuttle at the Rivium Businesspark in the Netherlands. The ParkShuttles operate without a driver on a designated lane where crossing traffic is managed with barriers. The second and current generation ParkShuttles have been operating since 2005. Having been operational for over 10 years, the ParkShuttle operation may be considered ‘proven technology’. The Rivium ParkShuttle is the only operational automated shuttle application without a steward on board. In this paper we also look forward to operation on public roads in 2020.@en

This paper reports about the operation of the automated and electric ParkShuttle at the Rivium Businesspark in the Netherlands. The ParkShuttles operate without a driver on a designated lane where crossing traffic is managed with barriers. The second and current generation ParkShuttles have been operating since 2005. Having been operational for over 10 years, the ParkShuttle operation may be considered ‘proven technology’. The Rivium ParkShuttle is the only operational automated shuttle application without a steward on board. In this paper we also look forward to operation on public roads in 2020.@en

This paper reports about the application of electric automated vehicles in the city of Appelscha, The Netherlands. Appelscha is challenged with a predicted decline of inhabitants and an already shrinking public transport network. To preserve the regions accessibility, the municipality started a pilot with electric automated vehicles. These vehicles drove on a separate cycle lane for six weeks in 2016. This pilot has shown that a pilot is possible with little infrastructural changes. Even though the maximum speed of 15 km/h might suggest that automated vehicles are suitable to share the road with cyclists, the cycle lane in Appelscha was not sufficient due to the width of the cycle lane. No accidents occurred during the pilot.@en

This paper reports about the application of electric automated vehicles in the city of Appelscha, The Netherlands. Appelscha is challenged with a predicted decline of inhabitants and an already shrinking public transport network. To preserve the regions accessibility, the municipality started a pilot with electric automated vehicles. These vehicles drove on a separate cycle lane for six weeks in 2016. This pilot has shown that a pilot is possible with little infrastructural changes. Even though the maximum speed of 15 km/h might suggest that automated vehicles are suitable to share the road with cyclists, the cycle lane in Appelscha was not sufficient due to the width of the cycle lane. No accidents occurred during the pilot.@en

De volledig zelfrijdende technologie wordt vooral nog als belofte van de toekomst gezien. Toch kunnen we in Nederland ook bogen op praktijkervaring – onder meer dankzij toepassingen en proeven in Capelle aan den IJssel, Ede-Wageningen en Appelscha. Onderzoeker Reanne Boersma onderzocht welke lessen we uit deze casus kunnen trekken.@en

Will the Automotive era come to an end in the 21th century? Looking at today’s environmental and economic challenges of the use of cars based on last century technology and listening to some trend watchers one could think so. Cars can be regarded, as an old school status product indeed, for which there is no use, no place, no money and no interest in our modern society. On de other hand, auto-mobility is still growing, both in developed as in developing countries. The current worldwide road travel by motorbikes, cars, trucks and busses will probably double to 80 trillion kilometers in 2050. Facing comparable mobility growth in the Dutch Port City areas of Rotterdam, this paper describes the research of the Rotterdam University of Applied Science, following developments in automotive and providing first living lab experiments. In our vision, the traditional automotive values ‘individual freedom and flexibility’ and using new disruptive technologies, the automobile will very likely consolidate its position as preferred choice for mobility of persons and goods during the 21th century. To achieve that the sustainable disruptions: Electrification, Automation and Connectivity (sharing) must be adopted. Meanwhile one should focus on tempting goals, the Six Zero’s; Zero Emission, Zero Energy, Zero Congestion, Zero Accident, Zero Empty and Zero Cost. These goals will guide us towards a new economy, sustainable ecology and more efficient use of time.@en

This paper reports about a case study conducted as part of the STAD project in regards to a demonstration with an automated vehicle in Japan. The demonstration was conducted in November 2017 in the Oku-Eigenji area (Japan). The ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) in collaboration with local government and local police authority organised and funded the demonstration. The goal of the demonstration was to introduce the people to the automated vehicle and to explore technical difficulties with the GPS signal in the mountainous area. Part of the route with low GPS signal was imbedded with MI sensor system magnetic markers. The MI sensor system proved to help the vehicle navigate in the area with low GPS signal. Surveys were conducted during the demonstration. In general the passengers are satisfied with the service the vehicle was providing and they would like to see permanent implementation of the vehicle in the near future. @en

Will automotive be the future of mobility or will the motorcar era come to an end in the 21st century? Today, auto-mobility is still growing, but in the future, this will depend on its ability to adapt to the needs of modern society. Disruptive technologies like electrification, automation, and connectivity can make automotive more sustainable by striving for the Six Zero goals: Zero Emission, Zero Energy, Zero Congestion, Zero Accident, Zero Empty, and Zero Cost. These tempting goals can lead not only to a more sustainable ecology, but also to a new economy with more efficient use of the time and money needed for mobility. In this future mobility framework, this article describes the practice-oriented research of the Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences with its regional partners to achieve these goals.@en

As part of the National Transition Board Practice Research Raak/SIA program, the INTRALOG (intelligent Truck Application in Logistics) project investigated the practical application of zero emission Automatic Guided Trucks (AGTs) for the transport of containers in the Harbour Industrial Cluster (HIC) in the port of Rotterdam. The introduction of zero emission autonomous trucks is facing a couple of barriers and challenges which are discussed in this paper. Autonomous driving is still under development and the application of batteries in heavy trucking is not yet feasible, because of their relatively low energy density versus fossil fuels. Carrying heavy batteries reduces the payload and therefore complicates the financial feasibility of electric propulsion with batteries. Analysis of the container flows at the port area of Rotterdam has shown a big difference based on distance, closed track or open road, type of energy, and energy distribution. In terms of organization, five different situations can be distinguished: (i) Central Exchange Route (CER), (ii)Inter-terminal, (iii) DCs (Distribution Centres) in HIC, (iv) (intermodal) inland terminals in the Netherlands and (v) the long-distance transport. The CER proves to be an ideal solution to start the introduction of zero emission AGTs. In terms of innovative technology all lights for actual implementation have been switched into green. However, the major challenge now emerging at the Port of Rotterdam is how to mobilize all key stakeholders in such a way that the estimated benefits outweigh estimated costs and really leads to the implementation of this new autonomous and zero emission system in practice.@en

Dit rapport is een uitwerking van de casestudy Appelscha welke is uitgevoerd in het kader van werkpakket 7 van het STAD project. Het STAD project bestudeert het effect van zelfrijdende voertuigen op vervoers- en locatiekeuzes van personen en bedrijven en op het ruimtelijk ontwerp van steden en wegen. Werkpakket 7 focust binnen het project op de huidige pilots en wat daarvan geleerd kan worden. Een van de pilots welke onder de loep is genomen, is het project met automatisch vervoer welke heeft plaatsgevonden in Appelscha. Het dorp Appelscha maakt deel uit van de gemeente Ooststellingwerf (Friesland) en wordt geconfronteerd met een voorspelde daling van het aantal inwoners en een reeds krimpend openbaar vervoersnetwerk. Om de toegankelijkheid van de regio te behouden, startte de gemeente Ooststellingwerf een pilot met elektrische geautomatiseerde voertuigen. Het is van toenemend belang om te leren van de ervaringen van reeds uitgevoerde projecten. De ervaringen van Appelscha worden in deze casestudy vastgelegd en gedeeld. In deze rapportage kunt u lezen hoe het opzetten en het uitvoeren van de pilot is verlopen.@en

In 2016 startte de Verkeersonderneming de aanbesteding ”Marktplaats voor Infrastructuur”. De Marktplaats voor Infrastructuur was een nieuwe manier van aanbesteden waarbij de markt gevraagd werd om een knelpunt op te lossen. Waar normaliter specifiek gevraagd wordt naar een bepaalde oplossing, werden marktpartijen vrij gelaten om zelf de oplossing te bedenken. Deze knelpunten waar het in de aanbesteding om ging, waren opgenomen in een zestal uitdagingen waar een marktpartij zich op kon inschrijven. Een van deze uitdagingen was de verbinding Rotterdam The Hague Airport (hierna RTHA) met het metrostation Meijersplein. Hierbij werd gevraagd om een alternatief (automatisch) voertuig in te zetten in plaats van de reguliere lijnbus. Ondanks dat er geïnteresseerde partijen waren, heeft geen enkele partij zich voor deze uitdaging ingeschreven. Het doel van deze evaluatie is te achterhalen waarom geïnteresseerde partijen zich niet ingeschreven hebben en onder welke omstandigheden zij dit wel zouden doen. Tijdens de evaluatie is gezocht naar antwoorden op de volgende vragen: - Waarom hebben geïnteresseerde partijen zich niet ingeschreven voor de inzet van een automatisch voertuig op het traject metrostation Meijersplein – Rotterdam The Hague Airport in het kader van de aanbesteding ‘Marktplaats voor Infrastructuur’? - Onder welke omstandigheden/onder welke voorwaarden hadden partijen mogelijk wel ingeschreven voor bovengenoemde opdracht? Om antwoord te krijgen op bovenstaande vragen, is gestart met een documentenstudie. Vervolgens werden betrokken partijen geïnterviewd aan de hand van een vooraf vastgestelde vragenlijst. Drie partijen hebben hun interesse voor de verbinding RTHA – Meijersplein geuit. Deze partijen zijn benaderd voor een interview. Tevens is met RTHA gesproken over het verloop van de aanbesteding. De antwoorden uit de interviews zijn in dit rapport verwerkt.@en

This paper reports about the case study at Rotterdam the Hague Airport in regards to the tender “Marketplace for infrastructure”. This tender was put on the market by the ‘Verkeersonderneming’. One of the challenges of the tender was deployment of an automated vehicle between Rotterdam The Hague Airport and metro station Meijersplein. Even though there were interested parties, no party subscribed. This paper gives insight in why the parties did not subscribe and under what circumstances they would.@en