O. Alver
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CLARION
Smart & sustainable climate resilient Quay Walls
In 2024, the CLARION Project was launched to enhance the resiliency and sustainability of port infrastructures and hinterland transport networks. This initiative brings together a multidisciplinary team of 20 partners from 11 European countries. CLARION aims to develop and implement innovative solutions to mitigate the impacts of climate change on port infrastructure through 10 dedicated pilot demonstrations, ensuring the transferability of results to other ports. This paper focuses on the pilot demonstration related to smart and sustainable quay walls. The primary aim of this demonstration is to reduce the carbon footprint of new quay walls while considering climate change impacts, extending the lifespan of existing quay walls by 25 years, improving functionality, and assessing resilience. Data from smart quay walls, fully equipped with advanced sensors and installed in the port of Rotterdam, were used to reduce uncertainties in finite element modelling and to develop a numerical digital twin of the structure. Machine learning techniques were employed to predict future stresses and forces using environmental data, such as tidal effects and temperature. The calibrated numerical digital twin can then be used to study the effects of climate change on quay-wall behaviour, including extreme water levels and temperature fluctuations. By embracing these pilot demonstrations, CLARION aims to contribute to Europe’s collective efforts to combat climate change and build a sustainable future. This aligns with the European Commission’s EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change and the European Green Deal, helping to achieve climate neutrality by 2050.
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In 2024, the CLARION Project was launched to enhance the resiliency and sustainability of port infrastructures and hinterland transport networks. This initiative brings together a multidisciplinary team of 20 partners from 11 European countries. CLARION aims to develop and implement innovative solutions to mitigate the impacts of climate change on port infrastructure through 10 dedicated pilot demonstrations, ensuring the transferability of results to other ports. This paper focuses on the pilot demonstration related to smart and sustainable quay walls. The primary aim of this demonstration is to reduce the carbon footprint of new quay walls while considering climate change impacts, extending the lifespan of existing quay walls by 25 years, improving functionality, and assessing resilience. Data from smart quay walls, fully equipped with advanced sensors and installed in the port of Rotterdam, were used to reduce uncertainties in finite element modelling and to develop a numerical digital twin of the structure. Machine learning techniques were employed to predict future stresses and forces using environmental data, such as tidal effects and temperature. The calibrated numerical digital twin can then be used to study the effects of climate change on quay-wall behaviour, including extreme water levels and temperature fluctuations. By embracing these pilot demonstrations, CLARION aims to contribute to Europe’s collective efforts to combat climate change and build a sustainable future. This aligns with the European Commission’s EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change and the European Green Deal, helping to achieve climate neutrality by 2050.
Thermomechanical Behavior of an Anchored Quay Wall
Field Observations and Finite Element Analysis
Recent field measurements have revealed that the behavior of quay walls is influenced by air and seawater temperature variations. However, the underlying mechanisms remain insufficiently understood, and current geotechnical quay wall design practices typically neglect thermal effects. This study presents a thermomechanical finite element analysis of an anchored quay wall equipped with a relieving platform at the Port of Rotterdam, supported by several years of field monitoring. The structure consists of a steel combined wall and a reinforced concrete L-shaped front wall. Continuous measurements of wall displacements, anchor forces, and temperatures were compared with the outcome of a numerical finite element model. The study shows that the numerical model was able to reproduce seasonal variations in anchor force and lateral wall displacements induced by temperature changes, aligning well with field observations. Sensitivity analyses revealed that thermal effects amplify with increasing soil-retaining height because of the large exposure to seawater temperature fluctuations. Moreover, the thermal expansion coefficient of soil has a substantially stronger influence on anchor force variations than thermal conductivity. Climate change-related temperature increases further intensify these responses, indicating notable long-Term implications for quay wall performance. The findings provide insight into the observed thermomechanical behavior of the investigated quay wall and show that thermal loading can contribute to the wall response.
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Recent field measurements have revealed that the behavior of quay walls is influenced by air and seawater temperature variations. However, the underlying mechanisms remain insufficiently understood, and current geotechnical quay wall design practices typically neglect thermal effects. This study presents a thermomechanical finite element analysis of an anchored quay wall equipped with a relieving platform at the Port of Rotterdam, supported by several years of field monitoring. The structure consists of a steel combined wall and a reinforced concrete L-shaped front wall. Continuous measurements of wall displacements, anchor forces, and temperatures were compared with the outcome of a numerical finite element model. The study shows that the numerical model was able to reproduce seasonal variations in anchor force and lateral wall displacements induced by temperature changes, aligning well with field observations. Sensitivity analyses revealed that thermal effects amplify with increasing soil-retaining height because of the large exposure to seawater temperature fluctuations. Moreover, the thermal expansion coefficient of soil has a substantially stronger influence on anchor force variations than thermal conductivity. Climate change-related temperature increases further intensify these responses, indicating notable long-Term implications for quay wall performance. The findings provide insight into the observed thermomechanical behavior of the investigated quay wall and show that thermal loading can contribute to the wall response.
The goal of this study is to investigate the effect of model parameters on the behaviour of offshore wind turbines in liquefiable soils under earthquake loading. Numerical analyses were conducted using an advanced soil constitutive model for liquefaction behaviour, the P2PSand model, available in FLAC3D. A previous study was chosen from the literature to verify the created numerical model, comparing pore water pressure in the soil and horizontal displacement of the monopile. The results indicate that the model can accurately predict both soil and pile behaviour. After validation, a new model was created to assess the effect of liquefiable soil parameters. Three soils were selected for comparison: Ottawa sand, Karlsruhe fine sand, and standard cyclic resistance field (SCRF) sand. Calibration of the model parameters for these soils is well-documented in the literature. A single earthquake record was applied to the model base, and the responses of free-field ground acceleration at the surface, superstructure (tower) acceleration, and pile head rotation were compared. Results showed that offshore wind turbine response in liquefiable soils is strongly influenced by soil parameters. Particularly, the parameters of SCRF sand led to higher ground and tower accelerations, resulting in greater monopile head rotations.
...
The goal of this study is to investigate the effect of model parameters on the behaviour of offshore wind turbines in liquefiable soils under earthquake loading. Numerical analyses were conducted using an advanced soil constitutive model for liquefaction behaviour, the P2PSand model, available in FLAC3D. A previous study was chosen from the literature to verify the created numerical model, comparing pore water pressure in the soil and horizontal displacement of the monopile. The results indicate that the model can accurately predict both soil and pile behaviour. After validation, a new model was created to assess the effect of liquefiable soil parameters. Three soils were selected for comparison: Ottawa sand, Karlsruhe fine sand, and standard cyclic resistance field (SCRF) sand. Calibration of the model parameters for these soils is well-documented in the literature. A single earthquake record was applied to the model base, and the responses of free-field ground acceleration at the surface, superstructure (tower) acceleration, and pile head rotation were compared. Results showed that offshore wind turbine response in liquefiable soils is strongly influenced by soil parameters. Particularly, the parameters of SCRF sand led to higher ground and tower accelerations, resulting in greater monopile head rotations.