Reservoirs of interest for resource exploration, including geothermal and hydrocarbon reservoirs, commonly have an impermeable cap, which traps fluids below. Identifying this boundary is important for resource development. The cap rock for hydrocarbon reservoirs in southwest Iran contains evaporites and thus some geophysical exploration methods, specifically seismic reflection, have faced problems recovering subsurface information in this environment. As an alternative, we generate an electrical resistivity model from magnetotelluric (MT) data. Furthermore, we consider three-dimensional triaxial electrical anisotropy, which is rarely done. The study objectives are to a) define and map the boundary between the cap rock and the principal reservoir, b) characterize geological and tectonic formations in the area, and c) analyze the tectonic factors influencing the evolution of the region. A total of 359 MT measurements were acquired across the Sarab field in an array consisting of five profiles separated by >2000 m with a measurement spacing of >200 m. Transient electromagnetic (TEM) measurements were co-located with the MT measurements at 181 locations and used to correct for static shifts. Isotropic and anisotropic inversions of the MT data were performed, using all impedance tensor elements. The anisotropic electrical resistivity model exhibits both a significantly better alignment with the depths of geological formations known from drilling data and a better fit to the data. Therefore, the boundary between the primary cap rock and principal reservoir, the Gachsaran and Asmari formations, is defined and mapped across the survey area. In addition, major tectonic and fault-related features in the region are identified.

Salt diapirs are prominent geological features, formed by the piercing of buoyant salt within overlying strata, with implications for basin evolution, tectonic deformation, and resource accumulation. In this study, we investigate the Shurab salt diapirs in northwestern Central Iran—an area with five known near-surface diapirs—whose subsurface geometries and interconnections at depth remain unclear due to the complex structural settings. To address these challenges, we generated a 3D electrical resistivity model from an array of 183 magnetotelluric (MT) measurements. Phase tensor and resistivity phase tensor analyses confirmed the presence of multidimensional conductivity structures. A range of modeling tests were performed to ensure a robust result, and final models were validated against seismic data and borehole logs, as well as previous 2D electric modeling. The resulting 3D resistivity model provides new insight into the geometry, depth, and interconnectedness of the salt diapirs and superior resolution of diapir flanks compared to seismic data. High resistivity zones at shallow depths correspond to dry salt, while lower resistivity at greater depths indicates brine-saturated regions. Notably, Diapirs No. 4 and 5 were found to be interconnected at depth, sharing a root zone and likely originating from a common evaporite layer. Tectonic analysis suggests that active fault systems—including the Sen-Sen, Ab-Shirin, and Dehnar faults—have played key roles in guiding salt migration and shaping diapir structures. This study highlights the effectiveness of using MT data to image complex salt structures and underscores the importance of integrated geophysical approaches in tectonically active regions.

The capital of Mongolia is Ulaanbaatar (UB), which is situated in the central region of the country. Over the past few decades, the city has expanded and developed, establishing itself as the most extensively developed metropolis in Mongolia regarding infrastructure and commerce. While this impact has resulted in development for the nation, it has also led to environmental and social concerns, including traffic congestion and air pollution. The resolution of these issues necessitates a more comprehensive understanding of the geological formation of the region, which can be achieved through the sustainable development of renewable energy and road construction. UB is situated at the confluence of the Tuul River and is enveloped by mountains significantly higher than the surrounding terrain. One is the Bogd Uul intrusive/plutonic granite, situated south of Ulaanbaatar. It spans a 200 km2 area and is believed to have been formed during the Late Triassic (Khishigsuren et al., 2006, 2009) to the early Jurassic period, with an age of 208 Ma. One of the strategies to mitigate the challenges previously identified is to drill Bogd Uul for the purpose of constructing the road.

Salt diapirs are of interest due to their unique properties that make them ideal for secure, long-term subsurface storage, including for CO ₂, natural gas, and radioactive waste. However, their utilization requires an understanding of their structure, which can be achieved with geophysical imaging. It is often a challenge to delineate salt diapirs with seismic reflection methods; therefore, we employ electromagnetic methods. We aim to a) highlight how magnetotellurics can identify the subsurface structure of salt diapirs, b) characterize the key tectonic structures and stratigraphic layers in the area, and c) investigate the role of faults on the distribution of diapirs. To do this we analyze an array of 253 magnetotelluric measurements and generate electrical resistivity models. The study area lies in the Shurab region, Central Iran, where numerous salt diapirs are observed near the surface. Overall, the models show a deformed southwestern zone and an undisturbed northeastern zone. Throughout the area, a thin (∼100 m) surface layer (1–100 Ωm) is underlain by a thick (up to 1000 m) low resistivity (<1 Ωm) layer, interpreted to be sediments of the Upper Red Formation. Below this is a higher resistivity (3–30 Ωm) layer that is complex and variable in depth and thickness, particularly in the southwest, where it shallows. This corresponds to the Lower Red Formation, which is the main salt layer and encompasses the diapirs. The electrical resistivity models successfully determine the locations, boundaries, and depths of salt diapirs within the area. Furthermore, they reveal that the salt diapirs are laterally extended along fault zones. This result provides valuable insights into the area's tectonic evolution and structural framework. Based on these subsurface images and geological information, we conclude that the tectonic activity along the Sen-Sen, Ab-Shirin, and Dehnar faults had a primary role in the formation of the salt diapirs.

Strong earthquakes have been mapped within the Ulaanbaatar region, Mongolia, near the capital city of Ulaanbaatar. From 1994 to 2016, 120 earthquake events were recorded between 3.4 and 5.6, and 978 earthquake events were recorded with a magnitude between 2.5 and 3.4 (Adiya, 2016; Al-Ashkar et al., 2022). Residents of Ulaanbaatar have felt several of these earthquakes.

Historical records dating back to 1905 show that Mongolia as a whole has experienced four major earthquakes with magnitudes larger than 8 and many moderate earthquakes with magnitudes larger than 5.5 (e.g., Adiya, 2016). However, the seismicity in Mongolia is mostly concentrated along the Mongolian-Altai and Gobi-Altai (south and west of the Khangai mountains), the Bulnay fault (north of the Khangai mountains), and around the Mogod area (east of the Khangai mountains) (e.g., Adiya, 2016), which are remote and sparsely populated areas. In contrast, the region around Ulaanbaatar is home to a large population; today, about 1.7 million inhabitants, or half of the country’s total population.

In the west of the Ulaanbaatar region, there are several prominent fault zones, some of which have only recently been identified. The majority of the seismic events in this region are related to three of these: the Khustai, Sharkhai, and Avdar fault zones (Adiya, 2016; Al-Ashkar et al., 2022). Seismicity is typically detected in the upper crust (above ~16 km depth; Ferry et al., 2010; Adiya, 2016). These fault zones are quasi-parallel and are ~100 km long (Figure 1). Historical seismic events are predicted to have produced vertical offsets of up to 10 m, with some sections showing cumulative horizontal offsets of up to 100 m (Al-Ashkar et al., 2022). Based on paleo-seismic surveys, it is estimated that these fault zones could produce earthquakes of magnitude 7+ (Ferry et al., 2010, 2012; Schlupp et al., 2013; Al-Ashkar et al., 2022).

These fault zones pose a serious threat and risk of damage to Ulaanbaatar. Because of this, we aim to characterize the subsurface structure of the active fault zones near Ulaanbaatar in order to better understand them. To do this, we measure magnetotelluric data and generate electrical resistivity models. We aim to give an integrated interpretation of the electrical conductivity structure of the subsurface with geomorphological and geological knowledge, in addition to geodetic measurements, paleo-seismic trenching, fault mechanical models, and near-surface ground-penetrating radar surveys. Understanding the subsurface structure of the region and characterizing the active faults is an important step for assessing seismic hazards.

The Qitianling pluton in southern Hunan, China, has spatially and genetically influenced the formation and distribution of a series of polymetallic deposits, including Xintianling, Baoshan, Huangshaping, and Furong. These deposits host a variety of tungsten- and tin-related deposits, often regarded as strategic and critical rare metals, and comprise one of the most prominent reserves globally. A thorough understanding of the structure of the Qitianling pluton is essential for insights into the development and evolution of the metallogenic system in southern Hunan. Working towards the goal of investigating regional structural features and magma emplacements model, we have generated three-dimensional (3-D) electrical resistivity models of the Qitianling pluton and its surrounding areas to upper-crustal depth using magnetotelluric (MT) data that range from 1000 Hz to 0.001 Hz. The results reveal that the upper-crust of southern Hunan is mainly characterized by high resistivity with multiple unique conductive zones. The high-resistivity anomalies (>1000 Ω·m) are interpreted to represent the Qitianling pluton. In addition, they correspond very well to a negative residual Bouguer gravity anomaly. Moreover, the morphology of the feature aligns with low-velocity obtained by modelling reflected seismic waves. Conductive anomalies (<30 Ω·m) near the sides of the pluton that extend through the upper crust likely indicate the presence of the Chenzhou-Linwu deep-seated fault system, which may have served as a pathway for the upward migration and emplacement of magma/hydrothermal fluids. Conductive features (<30 Ω·m) beneath the Qitianling pluton are inferred to represent ancient magma reservoirs where assimilation and mixing processes occurred before magma emplacement. Based on the geophysical models and the available geological data, a multi-stage magma emplacement model of the Qitianling pluton is proposed, which provides new insights into the W-Sn polymetallic mineralization system and the regional magmatic evolution within southern Hunan.

The Tibetan Plateau is undergoing east-west extension manifested by north-trending rifts. Rift dynamics have been attributed to both mantle convection, which induces vertical motion causing general extension, and plate convergence, with northward motion causing along-strike extension, driven by the subducted Indian slab. However, the cause of lithospheric extension remains debated. We carried out electrical resistivity modeling of the entire Tibetan Plateau and present a quantitative interpretation of low-resistivity structures in terms of high fluid fraction and low viscosity. The model reveals low-resistivity features intruding and overlying the resistive lithosphere of Lhasa and Qiangtang. The low-resistivity features show a transition from vertically oriented to horizontally oriented positions at ∼50−70 km depth and appear to be oriented north-south below the Himalaya and Lhasa and east-west below Qiangtang. The anomalies can be explained by partial melts and fluids and may represent the signatures of material migration and locally weakened lithosphere. This material migration must have been significant enough to sustain rifting and drive the rift tips northward, despite the complex tectonic setting of the Tibetan Plateau, which is composed of a number of independent blocks. The results suggest that north-trending rifts were formed in response to fluid flow, after or during lithospheric foundering below Lhasa. Furthermore, fluid flow can explain the surface distribution of rifts in bands and the variations in rift formation and development between Qiangtang and Lhasa, which are attributed to the local rheological differences and specific regimes of vertical and/or horizontal stresses that are induced by fluid migration.

Since the Cenozoic, a series of extensional south-north normal faults and gneiss-granite domes evolved in the southern Tibetan Plateau, the formation mechanism of which is of scientific interest and which has implications for the tectonic dynamics of the plateau. Typical of such features are the Xainza-Dinggye rift and the Mabja gneiss dome, which are located in the Xainza-Xietongmen-Dinggye region in the central Tibetan Plateau. In this study, Magnetotelluric measurements across this region are used to generate a high-resolution 3-D electrical resistivity model of the subsurface and to analyze the cause of the conductive zones. The large-scale conductive zones identified in the middle-lower crust may result from aqueous melt partial melting, whereas the smaller-scale conductive zones in the upper-middle crust may result from saline fluids, possibly with varying minor volumes of melts. Subsequently, based on the electrical resistivity model and combined with the spatiotemporal coupling of the geological, geochemical, and geophysical data, the state and migration features of crustal materials are discussed. The results show that the upwelling of mantle materials along subduction channels and slab-windows related to the tearing of the Indian lithospheric plate contributed to the partial melting of the middle-lower crust in the Lhasa terrane. Furthermore, partial melting of the upper-middle crust in the Tethys-Himalaya terrane resulted from southern extrusion of crustal materials in the Lhasa terrane. These two mechanisms can significantly reduce the effective viscosity. We speculate that the deformation of the brittle upper crust that is controlled by large-scale ductile layers characterized by weak rheology is the main dynamic mechanism of rift evolution. Meanwhile, the metamorphism and anatexis in the upper-middle crust of the Tethys-Himalaya terrane related to the southern extrusion of materials contributed to the evolution of the Mabja gneiss dome. During the middle Miocene, the southern extrusion of crustal materials may have been influenced by the cooling events beneath the Mabja gneiss dome, which can explain why the deep areas beneath the Mabja gneiss dome have middle-high resistivity. In addition, our study region is located in the Mediterranean-Himalayan seismic belt, and mainly includes shallow-focus earthquakes and intermediate-depth earthquakes. In the north, shallow-focus earthquakes are mainly controlled by the accumulation of stress in the brittle layer of the overlying crust related to the ductile layer of the middle and lower crust. In the south, shallow-focus earthquakes (e.g., Dingri MS6.8 earthquake) mainly occur in the rigid, resistive block, which is surrounded by conductive zones, possibly because fluid migration may be hindered by these resistive blocks. The intermediate-depth earthquakes are mainly controlled by the response in the subsurface area, which is related to the detachment of the Indian lithospheric mantle from the Indian crust.

Volcán Uturuncu is a volcano located in the southwestern corner of Bolivia, near the borders with Chile and Argentina. It sits above the Andean subduction zone and is part of the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex (APVC). Volcán Uturuncu is situated on top of the Altiplano-Puna Magma Body (APMB), which is currently the world's largest continental silicic partial melt reservoir. This reservoir is estimated to hold a total volume of 500,000 km3 of 20-30% partial melt and is located about 15 to 20 kilometers below sea level.

Volcán Uturuncu has not produced any eruption during the last 250,000 years, effectively making it an "extinct" volcano. However, the presence of active fumarole fields and the discovery of a consistent uplift pattern suggest that this volcano remains, up until this day, a dynamic system. Hence, numerous geophysical and geochemical surveys have been conducted during the past decades to understand the physical processes behind the recent unrest of this "zombie" volcano. Thay also aimed to shed light on the dynamics between the APMB and the near-surface volcanic-hydrothermal activity. Recent seismological studies worked on constraining the crustal stress distribution, by mapping the faults below Volcán Uturuncu and studying the seismic anisotropy distribution in the surrounding area. Findings from these studies reveal a complex network of fractures with a strong NW-SE-directed seismic attenuation and anisotropy, seeming to indicate the preferential pathway of fluids (Hudson et al. [2022, 2023]).

With this new information in mind, we aim to re-assess the previous electrical resistivity model of Volcán Uturuncu, which was obtained from isotropic inversion of magnetotellurics (MT) data by Comeau et al. [2016]. This model shows a pattern of low resistivity and high resistivity structures, which was interpreted as a series of magmatic dykes. However, this interpretation may overlook the inherent anisotropy of the system. Thus, we aim to generate electrical resistivity models allowing for isotropic and anisotropic zones and assess the results in the context of the newly available scientific data. We will also present preliminary results from the joint inversion of MT and gravity data. Such joint modeling allows us to delineate the density signature of the resistivity anomalies in the subsurface. This can help us in determining whether low resistivity structures represent either saline brines, partial melt or dense sulfide mineralization.

Since the Cenozoic, a series of extensional south-north normal faults and gneiss-granite domes evolved in the southern Tibet Plateau, the formation mechanism of which is of scientific interest and which has implications for the tectonic dynamics of the plateau. Typical of such features are the Xainza-Dinggye rift and the Mabja gneiss dome, which are located in the Xainza-Xietongmen-Dinggye region in central Tibet. In this study, Magnetotelluric measurements across this region are used to generate a high-resolution 3-D electrical resistivity model of the subsurface and to analyze the cause of the conductive zones. The large-scale conductive zones identified in the middle-lower crust may result from aqueous melt partial melting, whereas the smaller-scale conductive zones in the upper-middle crust may result from saline fluids, possibly with varying minor volumes of melts. Subsequently, based on the electrical resistivity model, and combined with the spatiotemporal coupling of the geological, geochemical and geophysical data, the state and migration features of crustal materials are discussed. The results show that the upwelling of mantle materials along subduction channels and slab-windows related to the tearing of the Indian lithospheric plate contributed to the partial melting of the middle-lower crust in the Lhasa terrane. Furthermore, partial melting of the upper-middle crust in the Tethys-Himalaya terrane resulted from southern extrusion of crustal materials in the Lhasa terrane. These two mechanisms can significantly reduce the effective viscosity. We speculate that the deformation of the brittle upper crust that is controlled by large-scale ductile layers characterized by weak rheology is the main dynamic mechanism of rift evolution. Meanwhile, the metamorphism and anatexis in the upper-middle crust of the Tethys-Himalaya terrane related to the southern extrusion of materials contributed to the evolution of the Mabja gneiss dome. During the middle Miocene, the southern extrusion of crustal materials may have been influenced by the cooling events beneath the Mabja gneiss dome, which can explain why the deep areas beneath the Mabja gneiss dome have middle-high resistivity. In addition, our study region is located in the Mediterranean-Himalayan seismic belt, and mainly includes shallow-focus earthquakes and intermediate-depth earthquakes. In the north, shallow-focus earthquakes are mainly controlled by the accumulation of stress in the brittle layer of the overlying crust related to the ductile layer of the middle and lower crust. In the south, shallow-focus earthquakes (e.g., Dingri Ms 6.8 earthquake) mainly occur in the rigid, resistive block, which is surrounded by conductive zones, possibly because fluid migration may be hindered by these resistive blocks. The intermediate-depth earthquakes are mainly related to the detachment of the Indian lithospheric mantle from the Indian crust.

Mogod Soum, Bulgan aimag, is located in the eastern part of Khangai Dome. During the winter, the soum is heavily affected by air pollution due to coal burning. Using geothermal resources in the region, manifested by hot springs, could dramatically reduce air pollution. To understand the nature of the geothermal reservoir feeding the hot springs, we conducted Magnetotelluric surveys in the Mogod hot spring region during the fieldwork in 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2024. To obtain a subsurface electrical conductivity model of the hot spring area with magnetotellurics, we inverted data from 60 unique sites. As a tool for inversion, we used a high-order finite element code available to locally refined unstructured meshes to ensure numerical accuracy with a sufficiently fine discretization of the inversion domain while keeping the computational cost feasible. We inverted the full impedance tensor to recover a 3-D electrical conductivity model. The best-fitting model provides important new insights into the subsurface structure of the Mogod region.

Within the Ulaanbaatar region, Mongolia, 120 earthquake events were recorded with a magnitude between 3.4 and 5.6 and 978 earthquake events had a magnitude between 2.5 and 3.4, for the period from 1994 to 2016. Several of these have been strongly felt by residents of Ulaanbaatar. Historical records, since 1905, show that Mongolia as a whole has experienced four major earthquakes with magnitudes larger than 8 and many moderate earthquakes with magnitudes larger than 5.5. The seismicity in Mongolia is concentrated along the Mongolian-Altai and Gobi-Altai, the Bulnay (north of the Khangai mountains), and around Mogod (east of the Khangai mountains).

In the west of the Ulaanbaatar region there are several prominent fault zones, some only identified very recently. The majority of the seismic events in this region are related to the Khustai, Sharkhai, and Avdar fault zones. Seismicity is typically detected in the upper ~16 km of the crust. These fault zones are 100+ km long and historical events are predicted to have produced vertical offsets of up to 10 m; some sections show a cumulative horizontal offset of up to 100 m. Based on paleo-seismic surveys, it is estimated that these fault zones could produce earthquakes up to magnitude 7. Therefore, these faults pose a serious threat and risk of damage to Ulaanbaatar.

In this presentation we aim to characterize the active fault zones near Ulaanbaatar with electrical resistivity models generated from magnetotelluric data. In mid-2024 we carried out measurements across the Khustai, Sharkhai, and Avdar fault zones and modeled the local features near the fault traces and the regional crustal features of the region. Preliminary models show several low-resistivity features (approximately <100 Ωm) in the near-surface. The upper crust (0-25 km depth) appears to have a generally high-resistivity (~10,000 Ωm), whereas the lower crust (25–50 km depth) appears to have a lower resistivity (approximately <100 Ωm).

We aim to give an integrated interpretation of the electrical conductivity structure of the subsurface with geomorphological and geological knowledge, geodetic measurements, paleo-seismic trenching, and near-surface ground-penetrating radar surveys. We also aim to discuss the relation with fault mechanical models and local fault damage zones, and the relevance of the low slip rate. Understanding the subsurface structure of the region and characterizing the active faults is an important step for assessing the seismic hazard.

Continental intraplate volcanic systems, with their location far from plate tectonic boundaries, are not well understood: the crustal and lithospheric mantle structure of these systems remain enigmatic and there is no consensus on the mechanisms that cause melt generation and ascent. The Cenozoic saw the development of numerous volcanic provinces on the African plate. This includes the Hoggar volcanic province, located in Northwest Africa, part of the Tuareg shield. It is composed of several massifs with contrasting ages and eruptive styles. The magmatic activity began at around 34 Ma and continued throughout the Neogene-Quaternary. Phonolite and trachyte domes as well as scoria cones and necks are found in the Manzaz and Atakor volcanic districts. In order to image the crustal and lithospheric mantle structure of this region, and to understand the origins and potential mechanisms of the continental intraplate volcanic activity in the Central Hoggar and specifically the Atakor/Manzaz area, we acquired magnetotelluric (MT) measurements from 40 locations and generated a 3-D electrical resistivity model. The model covers an area of about 100 km by 200 km. Images of the subsurface architecture, in terms of electrical resistivity, from the near-surface to the lithospheric mantle, allow us image the deep plumbing system of the volcanic system. Low resistivity features (i.e., conductors) in the crust that are narrow, linear structures trending approximately north-south, are revealed along the two boundaries of the Azrou N’Fad terrane, in the Manzaz area. They likely reflect the Pan-African mega-shear zones, which were reactivated throughout the tectonic evolution of the region. The model reveals that these faults are lithospheric-scale. In addition, the low-resistivity features likely represent the signatures of past fluid flow. The location of the recent Cenozoic volcanic activity was likely influenced by the pre-existing structure. A deep feature of moderate conductivity is located in the upper lithospheric mantle directly beneath the Manzaz and Atakor Volcanic Districts. It may represent the origin of the overlying anomalies and may suggest metasomatism of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle.

In the framework of a mineral system approach, a combination of components is required to develop a mineral system. This includes the whole-lithosphere architecture, which controls the transport of ore-forming fluids, and favorable tectonic and geodynamic processes, occurring at various spatial and temporal scales, that influence the genesis and evolution of ore-forming fluids (Huston et al., 2016; Groves et al., 2018; Davies et al., 2020). Knowledge of the deep structural framework can advance the understanding of the development of a mineral system and the emplacement of mineral deposits. Deep geophysical exploration carried out with this aim is increasingly important for targeting new ore deposits in unexplored and underexplored regions (Dentith et al., 2018; Dentith, 2019). We analyze data and electrical resistivity models generated from magnetotelluric measurements acquired across Mongolia, part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, as part of a regional array (Käufl et al., 2020; Rigaud et al., 2023a, b; Comeau et al., 2024; see Fig. 1) and focus on several metallogenic zones. These zones contain significant resources of copper and gold, as well as rare earth elements. We interpret the results, with the help of geological and geochemical data, in addition to seismic velocity data, and discuss fluid transport pathways and links to the surface expressions of mineral deposits.

There are indications that some long-dormant or seemingly inactive volcanoes may have potentially active magma storage systems. One such system is Ciomadul volcano, which is located at the south-eastern terminus of the Carpathian volcanic chain (Romania). With the last eruption occurring at ~30 ka, this is the youngest volcano in eastern-central Europe. Understanding the nature and structure of the magma plumbing system is crucial to elucidating the evolution of the volcano and to assessing its hazard potential. This includes the depth, size, and geometry of the magma storage region, the amount and composition of the melt present, and the link between mantle and crustal processes. Ciomadul is situated in a geodynamically active region about 50 km from the Vrancea zone, where deep earthquakes are frequent. These earthquakes may represent the descent of a dense lithospheric slab beneath a continental collision zone and this may imply an asthenospheric upwelling due to return flow of mantle material. To the north-west of Ciomadul lies a chain of older volcanic complexes, the Călimani–Gurghiu-Harghita volcanic complex; about 40 km west of Ciomadul towards the Transylvanian Basin, a monogenetic basaltic volcanic region was developed at 1.2–0.5 Ma (Perşani volcanic field). Seismic tomography has revealed low-velocity columns through the lithosphere beneath both Ciomadul and Perşani. However, high-resolution images of the complex geometry of the system are lacking. We report here on a 3-D electrical resistivity model of the region that was generated from 41 magnetotelluric measurements acquired in 2022 that form a 75 km by 75 km array. The data typically had reliable periods from 128 Hz to 4,100+ s. Choosing appropriate locations for measurement was critical, away from sources of cultural electromagnetic noise that can contaminate the signals, as was careful data processing, including applying data pre-selection schemes and manual time windows in addition to standard approaches using robust statistics. Phase tensor analysis suggests that the data are 3-D at all scales. The 3-D electrical resistivity model reveals conductive anomalies (<10 ohm-m) in the subvolcanic crust. These are interpreted as melt-bearing magma reservoirs distributed in the mid-lower crust (depths of ~10–25 km) and a quasi-vertical conduit extending to the near surface. The crustal reservoir is oriented north-south, has its western margin beneath the surface vent of Ciomadul, and extends ~20 km eastward. These results are consistent with the quantitative petrological models placing the upper melt-bearing silicic crystal mush reservoir at a depth of 5–20 km beneath Ciomadul, and a magma-generation area in the asthenosphere (85–105 km depth). In contrast, no strong conductive anomaly is observed in the crust below Perşani, which fits the magma evolution model, i.e. small batches of mantle-derived magmas ascend rapidly through the crustal column. Our results suggest that Ciomadul, a seemingly inactive volcano, is still underlain by a melt-bearing magma body and therefore can be regarded as having potential for reactivation and further volcanic eruptions.

We are investigating the lithospheric properties and lithospheric architecture beneath Mongolia with three-dimensional models of the electrical resistivity generated from magnetotelluric measurements. In addition, thermo-mechanical numerical modelling, with geophysically-guided constraints, is being used to provide valuable insights by testing the mechanical viability of different hypotheses for the temporal evolution and dynamic processes within this region.

Mongolia is located between the relatively stable Siberian craton and the extensional regime near the Baikal rift zone to the north and to the south the North China and Tarim cratons that have a northward-directed compressional regime. Due to its location, it is an excellent region to study intracontinental deformation. Furthermore, enigmatic continental intraplate basaltic volcanism of the Cenozoic age exists across Mongolia. In addition, this region contains economically important mineral zones (copper and gold), with the origin and evolution of the mineral systems linked to the whole-lithosphere architecture, crust-mantle interactions, and mantle convection dynamics.

Magnetotelluric data has been collected across Western, Central, and Eastern Mongolia. Three field campaigns in 2016, 2017, and 2018 collected more than 328 sites on an array (50 km spacing) and along three dense profiles (3-15 km spacing) that focused on the Hangai Dome (plateau) and Gobi-Altai (Arkhangai, Bayankhongor) over an area of approximately 800 km (north-south) by 400 km (east-west). Between 2020 and 2022, the array was extended to the east with 77 sites collected across central-east Mongolia (Bulgan, Selenge, Tuv, Uvurkhangai, Dundgovi; 400 by 200 km), including 34 sites along an 810 km long north-south profile crossing the Mongol-Okhotsk suture zone. In late 2022, 79 measurements were acquired in northern Mongolia across the Hovsgol region and Darhad (200 by 200 km) with an array and several profiles, which connect to data west of Lake Baikal. In early 2023, 38 sites were collected in central-east Mongolia (Umnugovi; 200 by 200 km), completing the eastern array. Later in 2023, a major field campaign was launched that successfully collected 150 measurements in western Mongolia (Zavkhan, Uvs, Govi-Altai, Khovd) over an area of approximately 500 by 400 km. This included an array (50 km spacing) and three dense profiles (5-10 km spacing). This gives approximately 700 magnetotelluric measurements collected over a total area of approximately 1000 km (north-south) by more than 1150 km (east-west).

This is a large area that approaches the scope of several other regional and national magnetotelluric survey programs. What’s more, this dataset fills an important gap between the existing magnetotelluric data across China and the Tibetan Plateau with several profiles across the Siberian Craton, in principle completing a remarkable transect of 4000 km across a variety of tectonic domains.

In this presentation, we will report on the new measurements. They will be integrated into the previously collected dataset, and new models will be generated that incorporate all data. We will also present new models of western, central and eastern Mongolia that provide insights on the properties, structure, and evolution of the Hangai Dome, the Mongol-Okhotsk suture and the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.

Electrodes are used to measure a potential difference between two points. In geophysical and geotechnical applications they are often in the form of non-polarizable porous-pot electrodes. Here we describe the design, construction, and testing of modular and refillable electrodes, which facilitates repair as the electrodes degrade over time. We use a chemical composition based on a metal in contact with an over-saturated electrolyte that consists of a salt of that metal and an auxiliary salt. We compare characteristics when the electrolyte is stabilized in a clay or not, and with various states of ceramic porous plugs and two types of wood plugs. Next, we assess the long-term stability (more than 1 month), noise (periods of 1 s to 1 hr), and temperature sensitivity of different types of electrodes. Electrodes with an electrolyte and clay formula showed lower noise (0.2–0.4 μV at periods of 1–120 s), greater long-term stability (0.05–0.5 mV/month of smooth drift), and greater consistency between samples measured than those with no clay (noise and drift values up to four times larger). The effects from different porous plugs were negligible, with similar results for ceramic and wood types. The temperature sensitivity of the electric potential was assessed, from −3 to 35°C. All electrodes showed a temperature sensitivity of about −30 μV/°C. This is considered very low compared to some commercially available electrodes. Finally, continuous long-term laboratory and field measurements of the potential highlight the application of the new electrodes.

The West African Craton constitutes a significant geological domain within the African Precambrian basement, characterized by two cratonic sedimentary basins delineating three distinct Archaean and Paleoproterozoic metamorphic and magmatic shields. Among these shields, the Reguibat Shield features a basement primarily composed of Palaeoproterozoic rocks dating between 2.21 and 2.07 billion years ago. The formation of the West African Craton followed from the amalgamation of Archean, Paleoproterozoic, and Neoproterozoic terranes during the Pan-African orogeny, an event which occured approximately 750 to 550 million years ago. Superimposed upon this basement are Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic sediments, notably within the Taoudenni Basin (alternatively referred to as the Hank Basin) to the south, the Reggane Basin to the east, and the Tindouf Basin to the north. The Adrar region, southwest Algeria, falls within the Taoudeni Basin, specifically aligning with the Reggane Basin.

In this work we present, for the first time, magnetotelluric data from the Adrar region. This (deeply-penetrating) electromagnetic geophysical technique can provide multi-scale imaging: for example, both regional and local imaging. The study has two objectives; one is to image the architecture of part of the West African Craton, specifically to elucidate and characterize its eastern limit. Another objective is the exploration of the distribution of deep subterranean water reserves, known to exist across the region, with the aim to help mitigate potential water scarcities in the west Sahara Desert, one of the hottest and driest places on Earth.

Ophiolite mélanges are commonly found in ancient accretionary orogenic belts. However, they may have diverse origins because they can form in various tectonic settings, including fore-arc, back-arc, active continental margins, mid-ocean ridges, and continental rifts. Identifying and characterizing suture zones in accretionary orogenic belts is crucial for understanding their tectonic evolution. The Beishan Orogenic Collage (BOC) is located in the southernmost part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), one of the world's largest accretionary orogens, and formed through ongoing subduction and consumption of the Paleo-Asian Ocean and its branch ocean basins. It contains four east-west trending ophiolite mélange belts: (1) Hongshishan; (2) Shibanjing-Xiaohuangshan; (3) Hongliuhe-Niujuanzi-Xichangjing; and (4) Liuyuan, from north to south. Despite abundant geochemical, structural, and geochronological data, no consensus on the settings in which these ophiolite mélange belts formed and their subduction polarities remains elusive. This uncertainty has resulted in several contrasting models hypothesized for the tectonic evolution of the Beishan region.

In this study, we used 60 broadband magnetotelluric measurements and 16 long-period magnetotelluric measurements sites recently acquired across the Beishan region in northwest China to obtain a three-dimensional electrical resistivity model. The model reveals a generally high-resistivity upper crust with several low-resistivity features aligning with suture zones and tectonic boundaries. The high-resistivity lithosphere beneath Niujuanzi is compatible with northward and southward subduction of the Niujuanzi Ocean, potentially revealing remnants of a cold fossil oceanic lithosphere. In contrast, the deep lithosphere beneath the other three ophiolite belts is characterized by low-resistivity features. Since MORB-type rocks have lower iron, hydrogen, and carbon content, they tend to exhibit high resistivity characteristics, compared to a back-arc basin or rift. The model suggest that the Njiujuanzi Ocean was possibly the major ocean of the southern branch of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean, and that it had bi-directional subduction polarity.

The whole-lithosphere architecture controls the genesis, evolution, and transport of ore-forming fluids. Transient tectonic and geodynamic processes, occurring at various spatial and temporal scales, control the structure of the lithosphere. However, there remains questions about the source mechanism for ore-forming fluids and their depth of genesis. Thus knowledge of the deep structural framework can advance understanding of the development and emplacement locations of mineral systems. Deep geophysical exploration studies carried out with this in mind may be crucially important for targeting new ore deposits in unexplored and underexplored regions.

As a case study, we investigate a gold-copper metal belt located at the margin of an Archean-Paleoproterozoic microcontinent in central Mongolia. We explore three-dimensional models of the electrical resistivity generated from a regional-scale array of magnetotelluric data. In addition, we examine models of shear-wave velocity throughout the lithosphere.

Directly beneath the metal belt, and the surface expressions of known mineral deposits and occurrences, the electrical resistivity model reveals narrow, vertical, finger-like low-resistivity features within the high-resistivity upper-middle crust, which are connected to a large low-resistivity zone in the lower crust. A broad low-resistivity zone is imaged in the lithospheric mantle. This is well aligned with a zone of low shear-wave velocity. We carry out a quantitative correlation analysis between electrical resistivity and shear-wave velocity and observe a close correlation within the zones of interest.

In the upper-middle crust, the low-resistivity signatures give evidence for ancient pathways of fluids below the metal belt constrained by structure along a tectonic boundary. In the lower lithosphere, the low-resistivity and low-velocity signatures are interpreted to represent a fossil fluid source region. We propose that these signatures are caused by a combination of factors. In particularly, factors related to refertilization and metasomatism of the lithospheric mantle by long-lived subduction at the craton margin, possibly including iron enrichment, F-rich phlogopite, and metallic sulfides, are analysed and discussed.