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M.J. van den Hoven
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11 records found
1
Freedom in the Digital Age
Designing for Non-Domination
The effects of digital technologies on freedom and democracy have garnered increasing attention in recent years. Many have raised concerns about surveillance capitalism, technofeudalism, and general threats to constitutional democracies—with a special convergence on the worry that uncontrolled power of online platforms undermines people’s freedom. However, it remains unclear how ‘freedom’ should be understood, what the relation is between freedom and uncontrolled power, and to what extent these worries extend beyond online platforms. In this dissertation, I argue that these problems are best answered by appealing to a neo-republican account of freedom as non-domination, where ‘domination’ is understood as a condition of living under an agent’s uncontrolled power. In the context of AI systems used in core societal sectors such as healthcare, I show that domination of a system’s (in)direct end-users by the system’s developers occurs in at least three ways: (1) the distribution of decision-making power, (2) technical limitations of AI systems, and (3) underlying societal structures that empower developers and disempower end-users. To safeguard freedom in the digital age, I propose that AI development requires the explicit intention to 'design for non-domination'. This requires us to consider the broader societal contexts within which these systems operate, such as current regulatory initiatives and the political economy.
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The effects of digital technologies on freedom and democracy have garnered increasing attention in recent years. Many have raised concerns about surveillance capitalism, technofeudalism, and general threats to constitutional democracies—with a special convergence on the worry that uncontrolled power of online platforms undermines people’s freedom. However, it remains unclear how ‘freedom’ should be understood, what the relation is between freedom and uncontrolled power, and to what extent these worries extend beyond online platforms. In this dissertation, I argue that these problems are best answered by appealing to a neo-republican account of freedom as non-domination, where ‘domination’ is understood as a condition of living under an agent’s uncontrolled power. In the context of AI systems used in core societal sectors such as healthcare, I show that domination of a system’s (in)direct end-users by the system’s developers occurs in at least three ways: (1) the distribution of decision-making power, (2) technical limitations of AI systems, and (3) underlying societal structures that empower developers and disempower end-users. To safeguard freedom in the digital age, I propose that AI development requires the explicit intention to 'design for non-domination'. This requires us to consider the broader societal contexts within which these systems operate, such as current regulatory initiatives and the political economy.
Prototype Ethics
Foundations for the Research Ethics of Real-World Technology Research
Real-world technology research involves testing technologies in natural and uncontrolled environments that are (or resemble) the intervention's use setting. As research with technologies under real-world conditions has become a pervasive phenomenon in our public streets, homes, shops, jobs, and social media, scholars have drawn attention to its ethical concerns and the absence of research ethics governance, such as ethics guidelines and independent oversight. In the absence of research ethics for real-world research, scholars have evaluated various real-world research examples with existing research ethics principles and norms and have called for codes of ethics. However, this scholarship faces at least two shortcomings. First, this scholarly attention is fragmented across different disciplines, potentially at the expense of common ethical concerns and guardrails that should be applied to all real-world research formats, irrespective of their domain. Second, it is unclear whether existing research ethics norms – developed for (predominantly) controlled (human subject)scientific research – can capture the full range of ethical challenges shared by all research in the real world, potentially overlooking ethical concerns outside the proverbial lab. In this thesis, I provide a comprehensive analysis of real-world research to address these two gaps. I ask in which ways common ethical challenges emerge in research under real-world conditions, and in what ways research ethics principles and norms fail to account for these ethical challenges. I argue that real-world research shares common ethical salient characteristics, such as ‘coupling’ options to subjects, that need research ethics governance, but that the content of this research ethics governance cannot be wholly based on existing research ethics principles and norms. This is because real-world research raises novel ethical challenges, and existing research ethics norms, such as informed consent or the right to withdraw, cannot be upheld without severely altering the practice. This thesis, thus, lays the groundwork for an ethics of real-world research by developing its philosophical foundations and identifying common challenges to research under real-world conditions that such an ethics should take into account.
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Real-world technology research involves testing technologies in natural and uncontrolled environments that are (or resemble) the intervention's use setting. As research with technologies under real-world conditions has become a pervasive phenomenon in our public streets, homes, shops, jobs, and social media, scholars have drawn attention to its ethical concerns and the absence of research ethics governance, such as ethics guidelines and independent oversight. In the absence of research ethics for real-world research, scholars have evaluated various real-world research examples with existing research ethics principles and norms and have called for codes of ethics. However, this scholarship faces at least two shortcomings. First, this scholarly attention is fragmented across different disciplines, potentially at the expense of common ethical concerns and guardrails that should be applied to all real-world research formats, irrespective of their domain. Second, it is unclear whether existing research ethics norms – developed for (predominantly) controlled (human subject)scientific research – can capture the full range of ethical challenges shared by all research in the real world, potentially overlooking ethical concerns outside the proverbial lab. In this thesis, I provide a comprehensive analysis of real-world research to address these two gaps. I ask in which ways common ethical challenges emerge in research under real-world conditions, and in what ways research ethics principles and norms fail to account for these ethical challenges. I argue that real-world research shares common ethical salient characteristics, such as ‘coupling’ options to subjects, that need research ethics governance, but that the content of this research ethics governance cannot be wholly based on existing research ethics principles and norms. This is because real-world research raises novel ethical challenges, and existing research ethics norms, such as informed consent or the right to withdraw, cannot be upheld without severely altering the practice. This thesis, thus, lays the groundwork for an ethics of real-world research by developing its philosophical foundations and identifying common challenges to research under real-world conditions that such an ethics should take into account.
Ethics of Trust-Inviting Digital Systems
Blockchain, Reputation-Based Platforms, and COVID19 Tracing Technologies
In the past decade, rapid shifting and evolving technological systems that take trust as part of the design objective (call such systems “trust-inviting systems”) have incredibly transformed the way we interact with others. Think of reputation-based platforms mediating interactions between strangers and other digital services provided by institutions, as well as blockchain systems, which work to shape, respectively, our trust relations with individuals, institutions, and technologies. However, the ways these systems use to facilitate trust are not always justifiable and can lead to negative moral and social consequences if certain parts of the systems are shown to be flawed. By reflecting on several present cases of trust-inviting systems that are experiencing great tension of trust, this thesis argues that trust-inviting systems essentially attempt to interpret, translate, and ultimately institutionalize the idea of trustworthiness in given contexts. However, the ways that trust-inviting systems are using to institutionalize the characteristics of trustworthy persons, institutions, and technologies should not be accepted without scrutiny. For each case analysed here, a discrepancy between the intention to improve trust and trustworthiness and the means that are adopted to facilitate them is shown. Such cleavage is argued to be primarily caused by flawed understanding of the trust concepts and the resulting ill-suited design choices, as well as problems emerged from the implementation process. These issues are proposed to be ameliorated by a recalibration of the understanding of the trust concepts, which has the potential for remedying shortcomings of the current design and development of the systems with forward-looking strategies taking into account a wide range of societal needs, values, and technical properties. In a word, it is argued that trust-inviting digital systems should be designed, developed, and deployed in ways that are aligned with the essence of the trust relation in context, in order to achieve proper trust and trustworthy systems. As such, the pitfalls identified in each case are able to be used as perspectives contributing to building affordances that foster warranted trust and foreclosing affordances that would undermine warranted trust.
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In the past decade, rapid shifting and evolving technological systems that take trust as part of the design objective (call such systems “trust-inviting systems”) have incredibly transformed the way we interact with others. Think of reputation-based platforms mediating interactions between strangers and other digital services provided by institutions, as well as blockchain systems, which work to shape, respectively, our trust relations with individuals, institutions, and technologies. However, the ways these systems use to facilitate trust are not always justifiable and can lead to negative moral and social consequences if certain parts of the systems are shown to be flawed. By reflecting on several present cases of trust-inviting systems that are experiencing great tension of trust, this thesis argues that trust-inviting systems essentially attempt to interpret, translate, and ultimately institutionalize the idea of trustworthiness in given contexts. However, the ways that trust-inviting systems are using to institutionalize the characteristics of trustworthy persons, institutions, and technologies should not be accepted without scrutiny. For each case analysed here, a discrepancy between the intention to improve trust and trustworthiness and the means that are adopted to facilitate them is shown. Such cleavage is argued to be primarily caused by flawed understanding of the trust concepts and the resulting ill-suited design choices, as well as problems emerged from the implementation process. These issues are proposed to be ameliorated by a recalibration of the understanding of the trust concepts, which has the potential for remedying shortcomings of the current design and development of the systems with forward-looking strategies taking into account a wide range of societal needs, values, and technical properties. In a word, it is argued that trust-inviting digital systems should be designed, developed, and deployed in ways that are aligned with the essence of the trust relation in context, in order to achieve proper trust and trustworthy systems. As such, the pitfalls identified in each case are able to be used as perspectives contributing to building affordances that foster warranted trust and foreclosing affordances that would undermine warranted trust.
Designing for Darkness
Urban Nighttime Lighting and Environmental Values
Artificial illumination has had profound and far-reaching impacts on the development, use, and perceptions of urban nights, and has brought with it many benefits. However, in recent years its adverse costs and effects – commonly referred to as light pollution – have emerged as a topic of concern. Nighttime lighting uses enormous amounts of energy, costs billions of dollars annually, can be detrimental to the health of humans and ecosystems, and cuts off access to a starry night sky. Addressing these impacts, and more fundamentally understanding the underlying values shaping contemporary discourse, is a complex and pressing challenge with moral, aesthetic, political, and technical dimensions. This dissertation takes up this challenge by offering a critical examination of the historical roots and normative presuppositions shaping the concept of light pollution. This critique leads to the proposal of an alternative normative framework: instead of focusing on reducing lighting, it argues for fostering darkness in urban nightscapes. A designing for darkness approach is developed on two interrelated levels. The first is conceptual, exploring the relationship between darkness, illumination, and environmental values. The second is practical, proposing first steps towards realizing darker nights via the responsible design of new and emerging technologies, namely LEDs and autonomous vehicles. Taken together, the chapters of this dissertation weave together a critical investigation and constructive contribution to a pressing urban challenge for the 21st century.
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Artificial illumination has had profound and far-reaching impacts on the development, use, and perceptions of urban nights, and has brought with it many benefits. However, in recent years its adverse costs and effects – commonly referred to as light pollution – have emerged as a topic of concern. Nighttime lighting uses enormous amounts of energy, costs billions of dollars annually, can be detrimental to the health of humans and ecosystems, and cuts off access to a starry night sky. Addressing these impacts, and more fundamentally understanding the underlying values shaping contemporary discourse, is a complex and pressing challenge with moral, aesthetic, political, and technical dimensions. This dissertation takes up this challenge by offering a critical examination of the historical roots and normative presuppositions shaping the concept of light pollution. This critique leads to the proposal of an alternative normative framework: instead of focusing on reducing lighting, it argues for fostering darkness in urban nightscapes. A designing for darkness approach is developed on two interrelated levels. The first is conceptual, exploring the relationship between darkness, illumination, and environmental values. The second is practical, proposing first steps towards realizing darker nights via the responsible design of new and emerging technologies, namely LEDs and autonomous vehicles. Taken together, the chapters of this dissertation weave together a critical investigation and constructive contribution to a pressing urban challenge for the 21st century.
In Search For A Place In World Order
Dynamic Modelling of National Power Using A Systems Approach
Difficulties arise in the making of predictions, since ideas and views on the future are often based on current conditions and, with only minor adjustments, it is simply expected that those conditions will continue into the future. With the goal of supporting experts in their scenario analysis this thesis is part of a pilot between the analysis network on national security (Analistennetwerk Nationale Veiligheid) of the Netherlands and the Technical University Delft. It explores if system dynamics is an useful approach in the modelling and simulation of changes in state power dynamics. It does so by researching literature on national power and through the analysis multi-scale geopolitical model to simulate over 217 countries. Exploratory modelling and analysis has been performed on the power dynamics of The United States, China, and Russia. This thesis concludes that system dynamics is an appropriate approach in the modelling and simulation of geopolitics and shifts in power dynamics. But, that uncertainties in the relationships between variables, missing data, and the modelling choices made to overcome these issues make it very difficult to built a good causal model to support expert scenario analysis.
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Difficulties arise in the making of predictions, since ideas and views on the future are often based on current conditions and, with only minor adjustments, it is simply expected that those conditions will continue into the future. With the goal of supporting experts in their scenario analysis this thesis is part of a pilot between the analysis network on national security (Analistennetwerk Nationale Veiligheid) of the Netherlands and the Technical University Delft. It explores if system dynamics is an useful approach in the modelling and simulation of changes in state power dynamics. It does so by researching literature on national power and through the analysis multi-scale geopolitical model to simulate over 217 countries. Exploratory modelling and analysis has been performed on the power dynamics of The United States, China, and Russia. This thesis concludes that system dynamics is an appropriate approach in the modelling and simulation of geopolitics and shifts in power dynamics. But, that uncertainties in the relationships between variables, missing data, and the modelling choices made to overcome these issues make it very difficult to built a good causal model to support expert scenario analysis.
Master thesis
(2018)
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Reynier Burnaby Lautier, Jeroen van den Hoven, Zenlin Roosenboom-Kwee, Peter Haartsen
Due to the increasing use of Blockchain technology, patent offices are receiving a high number of applications for the protection of intellectual property rights of Blockchain technology applications. The protection of Blockchain technology applications is problematic however, due to the limited connection between emerging high technology and intellectual property law. This thesis aims to create a validated decision-making framework that might aid patent attorneys, and entrepreneurs by extension, to determine an effective protection strategy for protecting intellectual property (IP) rights of Blockchain technology applications, given the characteristic of the technology to be protected. Based on literature and the law, a theoretical decision-making framework will be constructed. This decision-making framework will translate input variables, Blockchain technology characteristics per case, into an effective strategy concerning the protection of a technology with those characteristics. The theoretical decision-making framework will be adapted and validated by comparison with patents, prosecution guidelines, cases in the granting procedure and infringement litigation. By referencing outcomes of cases to proposed strategies, the decision-making framework can be scrutinised on its applicability which will result in a validated framework. In the future, the framework could be adapted so that it might be used in other fields of technology so as function as a tool to close the generic gap between emerging high technology and intellectual property law.
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Due to the increasing use of Blockchain technology, patent offices are receiving a high number of applications for the protection of intellectual property rights of Blockchain technology applications. The protection of Blockchain technology applications is problematic however, due to the limited connection between emerging high technology and intellectual property law. This thesis aims to create a validated decision-making framework that might aid patent attorneys, and entrepreneurs by extension, to determine an effective protection strategy for protecting intellectual property (IP) rights of Blockchain technology applications, given the characteristic of the technology to be protected. Based on literature and the law, a theoretical decision-making framework will be constructed. This decision-making framework will translate input variables, Blockchain technology characteristics per case, into an effective strategy concerning the protection of a technology with those characteristics. The theoretical decision-making framework will be adapted and validated by comparison with patents, prosecution guidelines, cases in the granting procedure and infringement litigation. By referencing outcomes of cases to proposed strategies, the decision-making framework can be scrutinised on its applicability which will result in a validated framework. In the future, the framework could be adapted so that it might be used in other fields of technology so as function as a tool to close the generic gap between emerging high technology and intellectual property law.
Economies of the future
Robots and Artificial Intelligence, the new economic motor or downfall of the working class?
Technological progress and innovation have significantly contributed to global economic growth, societal advancement, and higher living standards. However, there is growing concern over the future that lies ahead because of increasing robotisation and progress in artificial intelligence (AI), which are feared to cause significant loss of labour demand. The body of posterior economic scientific work addressing this topic mostly concludes on a positive note. Namely, recent technological advancements have resulted in a net increase in labour demand, but this demand is redistributed to different tasks and occupations. Yet, future oriented research, most notably by Frey and Osborne (2017), has sparked a debate on the future of work due to estimations that indicate that over 40% of jobs will become automatable in the next 20 years. Therefore, the societal question remains: Robots and Artificial Intelligence, the new economic motor or downfall of the working class?...
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Technological progress and innovation have significantly contributed to global economic growth, societal advancement, and higher living standards. However, there is growing concern over the future that lies ahead because of increasing robotisation and progress in artificial intelligence (AI), which are feared to cause significant loss of labour demand. The body of posterior economic scientific work addressing this topic mostly concludes on a positive note. Namely, recent technological advancements have resulted in a net increase in labour demand, but this demand is redistributed to different tasks and occupations. Yet, future oriented research, most notably by Frey and Osborne (2017), has sparked a debate on the future of work due to estimations that indicate that over 40% of jobs will become automatable in the next 20 years. Therefore, the societal question remains: Robots and Artificial Intelligence, the new economic motor or downfall of the working class?...
Master thesis
(2017)
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Jaimy van der Heijden, Filippo Santoni De Sio, Zenlin Roosenboom-Kwee, Jeroen van den Hoven
The European Commission introduced PSD2 with the purpose to promote innovation by increasing competition and participation of non-banks in the payments industry. Amongst others, PSD2 requires banks to allow a way for third-party providers to have direct access to a current account’s data if authorized by the customer. This forces banks to open up their databases which calls into life a particular stream of questions about how technologies should be designed in order to preserve privacy. Therefore this research was dedicated to designing a framework of general principles for the inclusion of privacy in innovation within the financial industry, in particular for the incumbent bank.
The Value Sensitive Design approach was utilized in order to provide this framework through a qualitative explorative case study. In the conceptualization stage of VSD, privacy was defined through a literature review. For the empirical investigation, data was collected through semi-structured interviews with eleven experts from three of the four types of stakeholders. Values that were identified in literature were qualitatively validated by scoring their importance relative to each other. For the technical investigation, the most important values were translated into design requirements by utilizing the value hierarchy method. The application of VSD to innovation in finance is the theoretical contribution of this research.
Privacy was conceptualized as complex and interrelated with other values. Values related to privacy in the case of PSD2 were also identified in several literature streams. Through a qualitative validation, the final set of values to be reflected by technology designed after PSD2 was determined which shows that privacy is the value of greatest importance to be included in financial innovation. Also, based on the insights experts brought forward during the interviews, five ethical challenges that come with the implementation of PSD2 were identified. The applicability of the value hierarchy method was demonstrated by translating the value privacy into six design requirements. These six design requirements addressed the end-user’s ability to make an informed decision for consent, ex-ante privacy assessment through standardized licensing procedures and a shared license database, the possibility for end-users to manage information disclosed through APIs and the limitation of information referring to transaction’s counterpart that did not consent. ...
The Value Sensitive Design approach was utilized in order to provide this framework through a qualitative explorative case study. In the conceptualization stage of VSD, privacy was defined through a literature review. For the empirical investigation, data was collected through semi-structured interviews with eleven experts from three of the four types of stakeholders. Values that were identified in literature were qualitatively validated by scoring their importance relative to each other. For the technical investigation, the most important values were translated into design requirements by utilizing the value hierarchy method. The application of VSD to innovation in finance is the theoretical contribution of this research.
Privacy was conceptualized as complex and interrelated with other values. Values related to privacy in the case of PSD2 were also identified in several literature streams. Through a qualitative validation, the final set of values to be reflected by technology designed after PSD2 was determined which shows that privacy is the value of greatest importance to be included in financial innovation. Also, based on the insights experts brought forward during the interviews, five ethical challenges that come with the implementation of PSD2 were identified. The applicability of the value hierarchy method was demonstrated by translating the value privacy into six design requirements. These six design requirements addressed the end-user’s ability to make an informed decision for consent, ex-ante privacy assessment through standardized licensing procedures and a shared license database, the possibility for end-users to manage information disclosed through APIs and the limitation of information referring to transaction’s counterpart that did not consent. ...
The European Commission introduced PSD2 with the purpose to promote innovation by increasing competition and participation of non-banks in the payments industry. Amongst others, PSD2 requires banks to allow a way for third-party providers to have direct access to a current account’s data if authorized by the customer. This forces banks to open up their databases which calls into life a particular stream of questions about how technologies should be designed in order to preserve privacy. Therefore this research was dedicated to designing a framework of general principles for the inclusion of privacy in innovation within the financial industry, in particular for the incumbent bank.
The Value Sensitive Design approach was utilized in order to provide this framework through a qualitative explorative case study. In the conceptualization stage of VSD, privacy was defined through a literature review. For the empirical investigation, data was collected through semi-structured interviews with eleven experts from three of the four types of stakeholders. Values that were identified in literature were qualitatively validated by scoring their importance relative to each other. For the technical investigation, the most important values were translated into design requirements by utilizing the value hierarchy method. The application of VSD to innovation in finance is the theoretical contribution of this research.
Privacy was conceptualized as complex and interrelated with other values. Values related to privacy in the case of PSD2 were also identified in several literature streams. Through a qualitative validation, the final set of values to be reflected by technology designed after PSD2 was determined which shows that privacy is the value of greatest importance to be included in financial innovation. Also, based on the insights experts brought forward during the interviews, five ethical challenges that come with the implementation of PSD2 were identified. The applicability of the value hierarchy method was demonstrated by translating the value privacy into six design requirements. These six design requirements addressed the end-user’s ability to make an informed decision for consent, ex-ante privacy assessment through standardized licensing procedures and a shared license database, the possibility for end-users to manage information disclosed through APIs and the limitation of information referring to transaction’s counterpart that did not consent.
The Value Sensitive Design approach was utilized in order to provide this framework through a qualitative explorative case study. In the conceptualization stage of VSD, privacy was defined through a literature review. For the empirical investigation, data was collected through semi-structured interviews with eleven experts from three of the four types of stakeholders. Values that were identified in literature were qualitatively validated by scoring their importance relative to each other. For the technical investigation, the most important values were translated into design requirements by utilizing the value hierarchy method. The application of VSD to innovation in finance is the theoretical contribution of this research.
Privacy was conceptualized as complex and interrelated with other values. Values related to privacy in the case of PSD2 were also identified in several literature streams. Through a qualitative validation, the final set of values to be reflected by technology designed after PSD2 was determined which shows that privacy is the value of greatest importance to be included in financial innovation. Also, based on the insights experts brought forward during the interviews, five ethical challenges that come with the implementation of PSD2 were identified. The applicability of the value hierarchy method was demonstrated by translating the value privacy into six design requirements. These six design requirements addressed the end-user’s ability to make an informed decision for consent, ex-ante privacy assessment through standardized licensing procedures and a shared license database, the possibility for end-users to manage information disclosed through APIs and the limitation of information referring to transaction’s counterpart that did not consent.
Pattern Based Evaluation of Blockchain Technology as a Catalyst for Business Model Innovation
Exploratory Research with Focus on the Potential Implications for e-Health
As blockchain technology became more established in the financial arena, federal health IT officials, vendors and developers started looking at its potential and its use in the healthcare sector. Lately, there has been a major hype around the potential of the technology. It is described as a disruptive technology that could enable business model innovation with increased transparency, new models of partnerships and possible disintermediation. Business modelling was recognized as a potential tool to help the healthcare sector to determine a technology implementation strategy by involving all the important stakeholders in a value-driven dialogue about the way in which the technology should be utilized.
This research focused on exploring the potential of the blockchain technology for business model innovation with the use of business model patterns as a theoretical construct. From the scientific perspective, research contributed to a better understanding of the role of business model patterns as a construct with multipurpose character. The construct was used in a role of classification device to gain an understanding over the technology associated business model logics and in a role of instruments of scientific inquiry to explore potential technology implications. A two-way relationship between the disruptive technology and business models was considered. As a result, tokenization was proposed as a new business model pattern, specific to the blockchain technology. Moreover, value patterns (patient empowerment, privacy by design, security by design, transparency by design) were recognized as an important matter that is potentially impacting future business models. In the second step, business model patterns were evaluated in the context of e-Health industry specific moderators. A Discussion with the implication of the technology from the business model innovation perspective was provided.
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This research focused on exploring the potential of the blockchain technology for business model innovation with the use of business model patterns as a theoretical construct. From the scientific perspective, research contributed to a better understanding of the role of business model patterns as a construct with multipurpose character. The construct was used in a role of classification device to gain an understanding over the technology associated business model logics and in a role of instruments of scientific inquiry to explore potential technology implications. A two-way relationship between the disruptive technology and business models was considered. As a result, tokenization was proposed as a new business model pattern, specific to the blockchain technology. Moreover, value patterns (patient empowerment, privacy by design, security by design, transparency by design) were recognized as an important matter that is potentially impacting future business models. In the second step, business model patterns were evaluated in the context of e-Health industry specific moderators. A Discussion with the implication of the technology from the business model innovation perspective was provided.
...
As blockchain technology became more established in the financial arena, federal health IT officials, vendors and developers started looking at its potential and its use in the healthcare sector. Lately, there has been a major hype around the potential of the technology. It is described as a disruptive technology that could enable business model innovation with increased transparency, new models of partnerships and possible disintermediation. Business modelling was recognized as a potential tool to help the healthcare sector to determine a technology implementation strategy by involving all the important stakeholders in a value-driven dialogue about the way in which the technology should be utilized.
This research focused on exploring the potential of the blockchain technology for business model innovation with the use of business model patterns as a theoretical construct. From the scientific perspective, research contributed to a better understanding of the role of business model patterns as a construct with multipurpose character. The construct was used in a role of classification device to gain an understanding over the technology associated business model logics and in a role of instruments of scientific inquiry to explore potential technology implications. A two-way relationship between the disruptive technology and business models was considered. As a result, tokenization was proposed as a new business model pattern, specific to the blockchain technology. Moreover, value patterns (patient empowerment, privacy by design, security by design, transparency by design) were recognized as an important matter that is potentially impacting future business models. In the second step, business model patterns were evaluated in the context of e-Health industry specific moderators. A Discussion with the implication of the technology from the business model innovation perspective was provided.
This research focused on exploring the potential of the blockchain technology for business model innovation with the use of business model patterns as a theoretical construct. From the scientific perspective, research contributed to a better understanding of the role of business model patterns as a construct with multipurpose character. The construct was used in a role of classification device to gain an understanding over the technology associated business model logics and in a role of instruments of scientific inquiry to explore potential technology implications. A two-way relationship between the disruptive technology and business models was considered. As a result, tokenization was proposed as a new business model pattern, specific to the blockchain technology. Moreover, value patterns (patient empowerment, privacy by design, security by design, transparency by design) were recognized as an important matter that is potentially impacting future business models. In the second step, business model patterns were evaluated in the context of e-Health industry specific moderators. A Discussion with the implication of the technology from the business model innovation perspective was provided.
Master thesis
(2017)
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Ilse Verdiesen, Jeroen van den Hoven, Virginia Dignum, Filippo Santoni De Sio, Iyad Rahwan
The purpose of this empirical study is to gain insight in how Autonomous Weapons are perceived by the general public and the military and which moral values they consider important when Autonomous Weapons are deployed in the near future. The Value-Sensitive Design method is used to structure the study. This thesis proposes a design for a Moral Machine for Autonomous Weapons as part of the technical investigation phase of the study.
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The purpose of this empirical study is to gain insight in how Autonomous Weapons are perceived by the general public and the military and which moral values they consider important when Autonomous Weapons are deployed in the near future. The Value-Sensitive Design method is used to structure the study. This thesis proposes a design for a Moral Machine for Autonomous Weapons as part of the technical investigation phase of the study.