Operando monitoring the lithium spatial distribution of lithium metal anodes
Shasha Lv (Student TU Delft, Tsinghua University)
Tomas Verhallen (TU Delft - Applied Sciences)
Alexandros Vasileiadis (TU Delft - Applied Sciences)
Frans Ooms (TU Delft - Applied Sciences)
Yaolin Xu (TU Delft - Applied Sciences)
Zhaolong Li (TU Delft - Applied Sciences)
Zhengcao Li (Tsinghua University)
Marnix Wagemaker (TU Delft - Applied Sciences)
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Abstract
Electrical mobility demands an increase of battery energy density beyond current lithium-ion technology. A crucial bottleneck is the development of safe and reversible lithium-metal anodes, which is challenged by short circuits caused by lithium-metal dendrites and a short cycle life owing to the reactivity with electrolytes. The evolution of the lithium-metal-film morphology is relatively poorly understood because it is difficult to monitor lithium, in particular during battery operation. Here we employ operando neutron depth profiling as a noninvasive and versatile technique, complementary to microscopic techniques, providing the spatial distribution/density of lithium during plating and stripping. The evolution of the lithium-metal-density-profile is shown to depend on the current density, electrolyte composition and cycling history, and allows monitoring the amount and distribution of inactive lithium over cycling. A small amount of reversible lithium uptake in the copper current collector during plating and stripping is revealed, providing insights towards improved lithium-metal anodes.