From pixels to camera
scaling superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors for imaging at the quantum-limit
Jun Gao (AlbaNova University Center)
Jin Chang (TU Delft - QN/Groeblacher Lab, Kavli institute of nanoscience Delft)
Bruno Lopez-Rodriguez (TU Delft - ImPhys/Esmaeil Zadeh group)
Iman Esmaeil Zadeh (TU Delft - ImPhys/Esmaeil Zadeh group)
Val Zwiller (AlbaNova University Center)
Ali W. Elshaari (AlbaNova University Center)
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Abstract
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have emerged as essential devices that push the boundaries of photon detection with unprecedented sensitivity, ultrahigh timing precision, and broad spectral response. Recent advancements in materials engineering, superconducting electronics integration, and cryogenic system design are enabling the evolution of SNSPDs from single-pixel detectors toward scalable arrays and large-format single-photon time tagging cameras. This perspective article surveys the rapidly evolving technological landscape underpinning this transition, focusing on innovative superconducting materials, advanced multiplexed read-out schemes, and emerging cryo-compatible electronics. We highlight how these developments are set to profoundly impact diverse applications, including quantum communication networks, deep-tissue biomedical imaging, single-molecule spectroscopy, remote sensing with unprecedented resolution, and the detection of elusive dark matter signals. By critically discussing both current challenges and promising solutions, we aim to articulate a clear, coherent vision for the next generation of SNSPD-based quantum imaging systems.
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