IoT-driven Digital Product Passport for EV batteries
An evaluation framework for potentials and challenges
Khanh Ma Quoc Khanh (TU Delft - Technology, Policy and Management)
Aaron Ding – Mentor (TU Delft - Technology, Policy and Management)
Merla Kubli – Graduation committee member (TU Delft - Technology, Policy and Management)
B.D. Rukanova – Graduation committee member (TU Delft - Technology, Policy and Management)
Y. Tan – Graduation committee member (TU Delft - Innovation Affairs)
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Abstract
The European Union’s transition towards a circular and sustainable economy has driven the introduction of the Digital Product Passport (DPP) as a regulatory tool to improve product transparency, lifecycle accountability, and environmental stewardship. For electric vehicle (EV) batteries, mandated under Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, the DPP consolidates critical lifecycle data—including state of charge, temperature, charge cycles, and safety incidents—into a standardized, accessible format. This enables compliance monitoring, facilitates reuse and recycling, and significantly contributes to EU sustainability goals. However, translating these regulatory requirements into functional, IoT-enabled systems is challenging due to the dynamic nature of battery data and the complexity in system design and the stakeholder perspective in the battery value chain.
This study delivers a decision-support framework to address these challenges. The framework’s two core tools—an evaluation matrix for systematic comparison of IoT architecture capabilities against DPP requirements, and a trade-off table revealing key design interdependencies—equip stakeholders with practical instruments for early-stage system planning. Validation through eleven expert interviews from academia and industry confirmed the framework’s regulatory alignment, technical soundness, and adaptability across organizational contexts. Experts highlighted the value of the trade-off table in surfacing tensions such as edge–cloud processing balance, latency constraints, and cost–complexity trade-offs, and stressed the importance of lifecycle data updates, sensing accuracy, and stakeholder-specific access control. Their feedback directly informed refinements, resulting in a more intuitive, context-aware, and versatile toolset. The refined framework can be used by OEMs, solution providers, and policymakers to design, assess, and optimize IoT-enabled DPP systems that balance compliance, performance, and operational feasibility.