The potential of FPV for inland waters in the Netherlands
E. Bouma (TU Delft - Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science)
R. Santbergen – Mentor (TU Delft - Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science)
M.S. Korkmaz – Mentor (TU Delft - Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science)
A.H.M. Smets – Graduation committee member (TU Delft - Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science)
W. Shi – Graduation committee member (TU Delft - Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science)
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Abstract
This thesis evaluates the potential of floating photovoltaics (FPV) on inland waters in the Netherlands. As a densely populated country aiming to achieve climate neutrality by 2050, the Netherlands faces significant spatial constraints for renewable energy deployment. FPV offers a promising solution, as it does not compete for land use and may achieve higher efficiency due to the cooling effect of water.
A scenario-based approach is applied to assess both the spatial and energy potential of FPV. Nine scenarios are defined based on variations in panel tilt angle, distance from shore, and surface coverage of water bodies. Suitable deployment areas are identified using a Geographical Information System (GIS), considering spatial exclusions such as protected areas and navigation routes, as well as minimum capacity requirements. The DC energy yield is subsequently estimated using the PVMD Toolbox, incorporating spatially interpolated weather data and thermal and electrical performance models.
The results indicate that FPV systems could occupy areas ranging from 3.7 to 27.7 km², corresponding to an annual energy yield between 0.3 and 4.8 TWh. After accounting for conversion losses, the most promising scenario could supply approximately 3.1% of the national electricity demand. These findings highlight the potential contribution of FPV to the Dutch energy transition, while remaining subject to scenario-based assumptions regarding system design and environmental conditions.