Towards Continuous Monitoring of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Towards Continuous Monitoring of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Gastrointestinal Tract

de Gruijl, David (TU Delft Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science)

Langendoen, K.G. (mentor)
Traverso, Giovanni (graduation committee)

Delft University of Technology

Electrical Engineering | Embedded Systems

2023-08-29

Much like wearable devices today, ingestible devices have emerged as a promising platform for continuous health monitoring, and potentially even intervention. Recent research has demonstrated the feasibility of ingestible devices with a retention mechanism, enabling them to remain in the stomach for weeks. Equipping these devices with sensors capable of measuring complex biomarkers, would open up an entirely new era of continuous health monitoring.

This research focuses on the design of a gas sensor array for a retentive ingestible device, targeting the measurement of volatile organic compounds in the gastrointestinal tract. The research specifically addresses the outpatient treatment of alcoholism, in collaboration with the emergency medicine department at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Current treatment relies on manual registration of drinking behavior, and the incorporation of an ingestible device that is able to continuously monitor drinking behavior enables more accurate behavioral assessment, and more targeted support and treatment.

Given the novelty of this approach, a sensor array capable of assessing ethanol concentrations in the air was gradually subjected to more complex tasks. Furthermore, a key aspect of the research was the design of an artificial gastric environment, that replicates the conditions and challenges that the sensor array would encounter within the human body. This experimental environment played a crucial role by providing a realistic testing platform without the need for a fully functional ingestible device, which can be incredibly challenging and resource-intensive to manufacture.

To ensure functionality in humid conditions, the sensors are encapsulated using parylene C and polycaprolactone (PCL) - biocompatible materials commonly used in the design of biomedical devices. The impact of these encapsulation methods on the sensors is thoroughly assessed, to determine their viability for in-vivo applications.

The findings of this study reveal that employing a convolutional neural network can enable the accurate measurement of ethanol in air, using off-the-shelf air quality sensors and algorithms with low computational complexity. It is worth highlighting that the neural network is capable of performing inference directly on the ingestible device. Furthermore, initial results show that a combination of parylene C and PCL, achieved through dip-coating in a PCL-dichloromethane solvent, yields a sensor capable of reliably distinguishing ethanol percentages from 4 to 11 volume percentages, while continually submerged in a self-designed artificial gastric environment.

Overall, this research contributes to the advancement of ingestible sensors and their potential for continuous health monitoring, with a use case in alcoholism treatment. The outcomes show the potential to produce a sensor array encapsulated in biocompatible materials, with a data-driven sensor fusion algorithm that is deployable on-device, which brings us closer to practical in-vivo applications. Additionally, the design and utilization of an artificial gastric environment establishes a solid foundation for future studies and the data generation that is vital for this technology.

Biomedical Devices
TinyML
Biomarker
Volatile Organic Compounds
electronic nose
Embedded Systems
Parylene C
PCL
gas sensing
gas sensor
alcoholism
alcohol
Edge AI
Smart Pill
Sensor array

http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ba9a28ef-7146-4b0e-85f0-4f7cd1ef343e

Student theses

master thesis

© 2023 David de Gruijl