Effects of adaptive cruise control and highly automated driving on workload and situation awareness

Effects of adaptive cruise control and highly automated driving on workload and situation awareness: A review of the empirical evidence

de Winter, J.C.F. (TU Delft Medical Instruments & Bio-Inspired Technology)
Happee, R. (TU Delft Biomechatronics & Human-Machine Control)
Martens, M.H. (University of Twente; TNO)
Stanton, N.A. (University of Southampton)

2014

Adaptive cruise control (ACC), a driver assistance system that controls longitudinal motion, has been introduced in consumer cars in 1995. A next milestone is highly automated driving (HAD), a system that automates both longitudinal and lateral motion. We investigated the effects of ACC and HAD on drivers’ workload and situation awareness through a meta-analysis and narrative review of simulator and on-road studies. Based on a total of 32 studies, the unweighted mean self-reported workload was 43.5% for manual driving, 38.6% for ACC driving, and 22.7% for HAD (0% = minimum, 100 = maximum on the NASA Task Load Index or Rating Scale Mental Effort). Based on 12 studies, the number of tasks completed on an in-vehicle display relative to manual driving (100%) was 112% for ACC and 261% for HAD. Drivers of a highly automated car, and to a lesser extent ACC drivers, are likely to pick up tasks that are unrelated to driving. Both ACC and HAD can result in improved situation awareness compared to manual driving if drivers are motivated or instructed to detect objects in the environment. However, if drivers are engaged in non-driving tasks, situation awareness deteriorates for ACC and HAD compared to manual driving. The results of this review are consistent with the hypothesis that, from a Human Factors perspective, HAD is markedly different from ACC driving, because the driver of a highly automated car has the possibility, for better or worse, to divert attention to secondary tasks, whereas an ACC driver still has to attend to the roadway.

Human Factors
Levels of automation
Driving simulator
Meta-analysis
NASA Task Load Index
Secondary task
Distraction
Attention
Eye movements
Psychophysiology

http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5ada23fd-2b15-4566-bff4-0583c6e81d23

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2014.06.016

2015-02-12

1369-8478

Transportation Research. Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 27 (Part B), 196-217

Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.

Institutional Repository

journal article

© 2014 J.C.F. de Winter, R. Happee, M.H. Martens, N.A. Stanton