Print Email Facebook Twitter Real-time building smart charging system based on PV forecast and Li-Ion battery degradation Title Real-time building smart charging system based on PV forecast and Li-Ion battery degradation Author Vermeer, W.W.M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage) Chandra Mouli, G.R. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage) Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage) Date 2020 Abstract This paper proposes a two-stage smart charging algorithm for future buildings equipped with an electric vehicle, battery energy storage, solar panels, and a heat pump. The first stage is a non-linear programming model that optimizes the charging of electric vehicles and battery energy storage based on a prediction of photovoltaïc (PV) power, building demand, electricity, and frequency regulation prices. Additionally, a Li-ion degradation model is used to assess the operational costs of the electric vehicle (EV) and battery. The second stage is a real-time control scheme that controls charging within the optimization time steps. Finally, both stages are incorporated in a moving horizon control framework, which is used to minimize and compensate for forecasting errors. It will be shown that the real-time control scheme has a significant influence on the obtained cost reduction. Furthermore, it will be shown that the degradation of an electric vehicle and battery energy storage system are non-negligible parts of the total cost of energy. However, despite relatively high operational costs, V2G can still be cost-effective when controlled optimally. The proposed solution decreases the total cost of energy with 98.6% compared to an uncontrolled case. Additionally, the financial benefits of vehicle-to-grid and operating as primary frequency regulation reserve are assessed. Subject Battery degradationElectric vehicleLi-ionMoving horizon windowReal-timeSmart chargingV2GVehicle to grid To reference this document use: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:dbf35906-b4fc-4705-94ce-579c875bdd3b DOI https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133415 ISSN 1996-1073 Source Energies, 13 (13), 1-25 Part of collection Institutional Repository Document type journal article Rights © 2020 W.W.M. Vermeer, G.R. Chandra Mouli, P. Bauer Files PDF energies_13_03415_v2.pdf 1.18 MB Close viewer /islandora/object/uuid:dbf35906-b4fc-4705-94ce-579c875bdd3b/datastream/OBJ/view