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Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Sheridan, T.B. (author), Prevot, T (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Happee, R. (author)Human factors researchers are well familiar with Sheridan and Verplank’s (1978) ‘levels of automation’. Although this automation dimension has proved useful, the last decade has seen a vast increase of automation in different forms, especially in transportation domains. To capture these and future developments, we propose an extended automation...conference paper 2018
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Mullakkal-Babu, F.A. (author), Wang, M. (author), Farah, H. (author), van Arem, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)Safety measurement and analysis have been a challenging and well-researched topic in transportation. Conventionally, surrogate safety measures have been used as safety indicators in simulation models for safety assessment, in control formulations for driver assistance systems, and in data analysis of naturalistic driving studies. However,...conference paper 2017
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Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Happee, R. (author)A majority (95%) of crashes can be attributed to humans, with the highest cause category (41%) involving errors of recognition (i.e., inattention, distraction, inadequate surveillance) [1]. Driving safety research often claims that as much as 90% of the information that drivers use is visual. However, these claims have been hampered by a lack of...conference paper 2017
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Stapel, J.C.J. (author), Mullakkal-Babu, F.A. (author), Happee, R. (author)Driver mental underload is an important concern in the operational safety of automated driving. In this study, workload was evaluated subjectively (NASA RTLX) and objectively (auditory detection-response task) on Dutch public highways (~150km) in a Tesla Model S comparing manual and supervised automated driving with moderators automation...conference paper 2017
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Lee, O.Z.A. (author), Dialynas, G. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Happee, R. (author), Schwab, A.L. (author)Recent years have seen an increase in cycling as a transport mode in urban centers. This has spurred an interest in the use of bicycle simulators to study cyclist behavior [1, 2, 3, 4]. However, few implement a model based approach that couples the bicycle roll and steer in a realistic manner [5]. Balancing is a key task in cycling and we aimed...conference paper 2017
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Gil, Gustavo (author), Savino, Giovanni (author), Piantini, Simone (author), Baldanzini, Niccolò (author), Happee, R. (author), Pierini, Marco (author)Objective: Motorcycle riders are involved in significantly more crashes per kilometer driven than passenger car drivers. Nonetheless, the development and implementation of motorcycle safety systems lags far behind that of passenger cars. This research addresses the identification of the most effective motorcycle safety solutions in the...journal article 2017
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Happee, R. (author), de Bruijn, E. (author), Forbes, P.A. (author), van der Helm, F.C.T. (author)The human head-neck system requires continuous stabilization in the presence of gravity and trunk motion. We investigated contributions of the vestibulocollic reflex (VCR), the cervicocollic reflex (CCR), and neck muscle co-contraction to head-in-space and head-on-trunk stabilization, and investigated modulation of the stabilization strategy...journal article 2017
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Happee, R. (author), Gold, Christian (author), Radlmayr, Jonas (author), Hergeth, Sebastian (author), Bengler, Klaus (author)We investigated after effects of automation in take-over scenarios in a high-end moving-base driving simulator. Drivers performed evasive manoeuvres encountering a blocked lane in highway driving. We compared the performance of drivers 1) during manual driving, 2) after automated driving with eyes on the road while performing the cognitively...journal article 2017
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van Dieën, Jaap H. (author), van Drunen, P. (author), Happee, R. (author)Trunk stabilization is required to control posture and movement during daily activities. Various sensory modalities, such as muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs and the vestibular system, might contribute to trunk stabilization and our aim was to assess the contribution of these modalities to trunk stabilization. In 35 healthy subjects, upper...journal article 2017
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de Bruijn, E. (author), Nijmeijer, SWR (author), Forbes, P.A. (author), Koelman, JHTM (author), van der Helm, F.C.T. (author), Tijssen, MAJ (author), Happee, R. (author)Objective<br/>To identify effects of a deviant motor drive in the autospectral power of dystonic muscles during voluntary contraction in cervical dystonia patients.<br/>Methods<br/>Submaximal (20%) isometric head-neck tasks were performed with the head fixed, measuring surface EMG of the sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis and semispinalis...journal article 2017
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Nijmeijer, S.W.R. (author), de Bruijn, E. (author), Verhagen, R. (author), Forbes, P.A. (author), Kamphuis, D.J. (author), Happee, R. (author), Tijssen, M.A.J. (author), Koelman, J.H.T.M. (author)Botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections in the dystonic muscles is the preferred treatment for Cervical Dystonia (CD), but the proper identification of the dystonic muscles remains a challenge. Previous studies showed decreased 8–14 Hz autospectral power in the electromyography (EMG) of splenius muscles in CD patients. Cumulative distribution...journal article 2017
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van Leeuwen, P.M. (author), de Groot, S. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Motorsport has developed into a professional international competition. However, limited research is available on the perceptual and cognitive skills of racing drivers. By means of a racing simulator, we compared the driving performance of seven racing drivers with ten non-racing drivers. Participants were tasked to drive the fastest possible...journal article 2017
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Kyriakidis, M. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Stanton, N. (author), Bellet, T. (author), van Arem, B. (author), Brookhuis, K.A. (author), Martens, M.H. (author), Bengler, K. (author), Andersson, J. (author), Merat, N. (author), Reed, N. (author), Flament, M. (author), Hagenzieker, Marjan (author), Happee, R. (author)Automated driving can fundamentally change road transportation and improve quality of life. However, at present, the role of humans in automated vehicles (AVs) is not clearly established. Interviews were conducted in April and May 2015 with 12 expert researchers in the field of human factors (HFs) of automated driving to identify...journal article 2017
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Forbes, P.A. (author), de Bruijn, E. (author), Nijmeijer, SWR (author), Koelman, JHTM (author), van der Helm, F.C.T. (author), Schouten, A.C. (author), Tijssen, MAJ (author), Happee, R. (author)Background Effective sensorimotor integration is essential to modulate (adapt) neck stabilization strategies in response to varying tasks and disturbances. This study evaluates the hypothesis that relative to healthy controls cervical dystonia patients have an impaired ability to modulate afferent feedback for neck stabilization with changes...journal article 2017
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Lu, Z. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)This study presents a numerical model that describes the dynamic process of building situation awareness after an automation-initiated transition. The model predicts the level of situation awareness as a function of elapsed time since the transition, and is verified using data from an experiment in which participants watched animated video...conference paper 2017
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Rendon Velez, E. (author), van Leeuwen, P.M. (author), Happee, R. (author), Horvath, I. (author), van der Vegte, Wilhelm Frederik (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Speeding because of time pressure is a leading contributor to traffic accidents. Previous research indicates that people respond to time pressure through increased physiological activity and by adapting their task strategy in order to mitigate task demands. In the present driving simulator study, we investigated effects of time pressure on...journal article 2016
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Subjective and objective descriptions of driving scenes in support of driver-automation interactionsCabrall, C.D.D. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Background: Recent advances in the growing domain of automated driving suggest the need for thoughtful design of human-computer interaction strategies. For example, human drivers can process scene variability on implicit levels, but automated systems require explicit rule-based judgments of similarity and difference. What level of abstraction an...poster 2016
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Wang, M. (author), Hoogendoorn, S.P. (author), Daamen, W. (author), van Arem, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)This contribution puts forward a flexible approach to model the decision-making or design controller for automated driving systems, where tactical-level lane change decisions and control-level accelerations are jointly evaluated based on iteratively solving an online optimization problem. The key idea is that automated vehicles determine lane...conference paper 2016
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Nordhoff, S. (author), van Arem, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)This paper represents a synthesis of existing empirical acceptance studies on automated driving and scientific literature on technology acceptance. The objective of this paper is to study user acceptance of driverless vehicles that fall into SAE level 4, as they operate within the constraints of dedicated infrastructure. The review indicates...conference paper 2016
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Wang, M. (author), Hoogendoorn, S.P. (author), Daamen, W. (author), van Arem, B. (author), Shyrokau, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)A novel strategy to enhance string stability of autonomous vehicles with sensor delay and actuator lag is proposed based on a model predictive control framework. To compensate sensor delay, the approach entails estimating the (unknown) system state at the current time using the system state in a previous time, the applied control history and a...journal article 2016