document

Combinatorial Screening of Bimetallic Electrocatalysts for Nitrogen Reduction to Ammonia Using a High-Throughput Gas Diffusion Electrode Cell Design

Kolen, M. (author), Antoniadis, Grigorios (author), Schreuders, H. (author), Boshuizen, B. (author), van Noordenne, D.D. (author), Ripepi, D. (author), Smith, W.A. (author), Mulder, F.M. (author)

The electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is a promising alternative to the current greenhouse gas emission intensive process to produce ammonia (NH₃) from nitrogen (N₂). However, finding an electrocatalyst that promotes NRR over the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has proven to be difficult. This...

journal article 2022

document

Environmental and ecological controls of the spatial distribution of microbial populations in aggregates

Martinez-Rabert, Eloi (author), van Amstel, Chiel (author), Smith, Cindy (author), Sloan, William T. (author), Gonzalez Cabaleiro, R. (author)

In microbial communities, the ecological interactions between species of different populations are responsible for the spatial distributions observed in aggregates (granules, biofilms or flocs). To explore the underlying mechanisms that control these processes, we have developed a mathematical modelling framework able to describe, label and...

journal article 2022

document

Overcoming Nitrogen Reduction to Ammonia Detection Challenges: The Case for Leapfrogging to Gas Diffusion Electrode Platforms

Kolen, M. (author), Ripepi, D. (author), Smith, W.A. (author), Burdyny, T.E. (author), Mulder, F.M. (author)

The nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is a promising pathway toward the decarbonization of ammonia (NH3) production. However, unless practical challenges related to the detection of NH3 are removed, confidence in published data and experimental throughput will remain low for experiments in aqueous electrolyte. In this perspective, we analyze...

journal article 2022

document

Polymer Modification of Surface Electronic Properties of Electrocatalysts

Venugopal, A. (author), Egberts, Laurentius H.T. (author), Meeprasert, J. (author), Pidko, E.A. (author), Dam, B. (author), Burdyny, T.E. (author), Sinha, V. (author), Smith, W.A. (author)

Finding alternative ways to tailor the electronic properties of a catalyst to actively and selectively drive reactions of interest has been a growing research topic in the field of electrochemistry. In this Letter, we investigate the tuning of the surface electronic properties of electrocatalysts via polymer modification. We show that when a...

journal article 2022

document

Characterizing CO2 Reduction Catalysts on Gas Diffusion Electrodes: Comparing Activity, Selectivity, and Stability of Transition Metal Catalysts

Burdyny, T.E. (author), Sassenburg, M. (author), de Rooij, R. (author), Nessbit, Nathan (author), Kas, R. (author), Chandrashekar, S. (author), Firet, N.J. (author), Yang, K. (author), Liu, K. (author), Blommaert, M.A. (author), Kolen, M. (author), Ripepi, D. (author), Smith, W.A. (author)

Continued advancements in the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 (CO 2RR) have emphasized that reactivity,selectivity, and stability are not explicit material properties butcombined effects of the catalyst, double-layer, reaction environ-<br/>ment, and system configuration. These realizations have steadily built upon the foundational work...

journal article 2022

document

Global correction of optical distortions in multicolor single-molecule microscopy using Zernike polynomial gradients

Mc Cluskey, K.A. (author), van Veen, E.N.W. (author), Cnossen, J.P. (author), Wesselink, W.J. (author), Asscher, F.M. (author), Smith, C.S. (author), Dekker, N.H. (author)

Accurate image alignment is critical in multicolor single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. Global alignment using affine transformations leaves residual errors due to the nonlinearity of the distortions, which decreases the effective field of view. Subsequent local refinement demands either large amounts of reference data and processing time...

journal article 2021

document

New insights and coupled modelling of the structural and thermodynamic properties of the LiF-UF4 system

Ocadiz flores, J.A. (author), Gheribi, A. E. (author), Vlieland, J. (author), Dardenne, K. (author), Rothe, J. (author), Konings, R. (author), Smith, A.L. (author)

© 2021 The Authors LiF-UF4 is a key binary system for molten fluoride reactor technology, which has not been scrutinized as thoroughly as the closely related LiF-ThF4 system. The phase diagram equilibria in the system LiF-UF4 are explored in this work with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The short-range...

journal article 2021

document

A principled approach to cross-sector genomic data access

Smith, Marcus (author), Miller, S.R.M. (author)

Genomic data is growing in importance as scientific knowledge and technology develop, and in availability, as direct-to-consumer genomic health testing and recreational genealogy services become more widely utilized. Access to genomic data needs to be considered in light of individual privacy. Cross-sector use of genomic health and ancestry data...

journal article 2021

document

Coupled structural-thermodynamic modelling of the molten salt system NaCl-UCl₃

van Oudenaren, G. I.L. (author), Ocadiz flores, J.A. (author), Smith, A.L. (author)

Molten chloride salts are ionic liquids in which the anions and cations exhibit network formation. An attractive salt system for use in molten salt reactors is NaCl-UCl₃, an ionic liquid with complex non-ideal thermodynamic behaviour due to the formation of short-range order. The relationship between local structure and...

journal article 2021

document

The ethical application of biometric facial recognition technology

Smith, Marcus (author), Miller, S.R.M. (author)

Biometric facial recognition is an artificial intelligence technology involving the automated comparison of facial features, used by law enforcement to identify unknown suspects from photographs and closed circuit television. Its capability is expanding rapidly in association with artificial intelligence and has great potential to solve crime...

journal article 2021

document

Thermodynamic Description of the ACl-ThCl4 (A = Li, Na, K) Systems

Ocadiz flores, J.A. (author), Rooijakkers, B.A.S. (author), Konings, R. (author), Smith, A.L. (author)

The ACl-ThCl (Formula presented.) (A = Li, Na, K) systems could be of relevance to the nuclear industry in the near future. A thermodynamic investigation of the three binary systems is presented herein. The excess Gibbs energy of the liquid solutions is described using the quasi-chemical formalism in the quadruplet approximation. The phase...

journal article 2021

document

Operando Topography and Mechanical Property Mapping of CO₂Reduction Gas-Diffusion Electrodes Operating at High Current Densities

Nesbitt, N.T. (author), Smith, W.A. (author)

Electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM) enables measurement of electrode topography and mechanical properties during electrochemical reactions. However, for aqueous-based reactions that make gas products, such as CO2 reduction and water splitting into CO/H2, current densities below 1 mA cm-2 have been necessary to prevent formation...

journal article 2021

document

Emerging collaborations at the forefront of growth in electrochemical synthesis

Buonsanti, Raffaella (author), Smith, W.A. (author)

journal article 2021

document

Selective dendritic localization of mRNA in drosophila mushroom body output neurons

Mitchell, Jessica (author), Smith, C.S. (author), Titlow, Josh (author), Otto, Nils (author), van Velde, P.F. (author), Booth, Martin (author), Davis, Ilan (author), Waddell, Scott (author)

Memory-relevant neuronal plasticity is believed to require local translation of new proteins at synapses. Understanding this process requires the visualization of the relevant mRNAs within these neuronal compartments. Here, we used single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization to localize mRNAs at subcellular resolution in the adult...

journal article 2021

document

Assessing Silver Palladium Alloys for Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction in Membrane Electrode Assemblies

Chandrashekar, S. (author), Geerlings, J.J.C. (author), Smith, W.A. (author)

The field of electrochemical CO₂ reduction has been transitioning to industrially relevant scales by changing the architecture of the electrochemical cells and moving away from the traditional aqueous H-cells to membrane electrode assemblies (MEA). The reaction environments in MEAs vary drastically from that of aqueous H-cells,...

journal article 2021

document

High Indirect Energy Consumption in AEM-Based CO₂Electrolyzers Demonstrates the Potential of Bipolar Membranes

Blommaert, M.A. (author), Subramanian, S.S. (author), Yang, K. (author), Smith, W.A. (author), Vermaas, D.A. (author)

Typically, anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are used in CO2 electrolyzers, but those suffer from unwanted CO2 crossover, implying (indirect) energy consumption for generating an excess of CO2 feed and purification of the KOH anolyte. As an alternative, bipolar membranes (BPMs) have been suggested, which mitigate the reactant loss by...

journal article 2021

document

Structured illumination microscopy with noise-controlled image reconstructions

Smith, C.S. (author), Slotman, Johan A. (author), Schermelleh, Lothar (author), Chakrova, N. (author), Hari, S. (author), Vos, Y. (author), Hagen, C.W. (author), Houtsmuller, A.B. (author), Hoogenboom, J.P. (author), Stallinga, S. (author)

Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM) has become a widely used method for biological imaging. Standard reconstruction algorithms, however, are prone to generate noise-specific artifacts that limit their applicability for lower signal-to-noise data. Here we present a physically realistic noise model that explains the...

journal article 2021

document

Drift correction in localization microscopy using entropy minimization

Cnossen, J.P. (author), Cui, Tao Ju (author), Joo, C. (author), Smith, C.S. (author)

Localization microscopy offers resolutions down to a single nanometer but currently requires additional dedicated hardware or fiducial markers to reduce resolution loss from the drift of the sample. Drift estimation without fiducial markers is typically implemented using redundant cross correlation (RCC). We show that RCC has sub-optimal...

journal article 2021

document

Orientation of a bipolar membrane determines the dominant ion and carbonic species transport in membrane electrode assemblies for CO₂reduction

Blommaert, M.A. (author), sharifian, rezvan (author), Shah, N. (author), Nesbitt, N.T. (author), Smith, W.A. (author), Vermaas, D.A. (author)

A bipolar membrane (BPM), consisting of a cation and an anion exchange layer (CEL and AEL), can be used in an electrochemical cell in two orientations: reverse bias and forward bias. A reverse bias is traditionally used to facilitate water dissociation and control the pH at either side. A forward bias has been proposed for several...

journal article 2021

document

Examination of the short-range structure of molten salts: ThF₄, UF₄, and related alkali actinide fluoride systems

Ocadiz flores, J.A. (author), Gheribi, A. E. (author), Vlieland, J. (author), de Haas, D.W. (author), Dardenne, K. (author), Rothe, J. (author), Konings, R. (author), Smith, A.L. (author)

The short-range structures of LiF-ThF4, NaF-AnF4, KF-AnF4, and Cs-AnF4 (An = Th, U), were probed using in situ high temperature Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Signally, the EXAFS spectra of pure molten ThF4 and UF4 were measured for the first time. The data were interpreted with the aid of Molecular Dynamics ...

journal article 2021