In the port of Ostend a discharge sluice is going to be constructed as part of an enforced dike ring. The proposed location of this discharge sluice is close to an already existing marina, the Royal Yachtclub Oostende (RYCO), and hindrance is expected regarding the outflow of the sluice in marina direction. When designing the sluice, an optimal balance has to be found between acceptable flow velocities in the downstream area and the capacity of the discharge sluice. It is therefore very important to be able to determine resulting flow patterns. Formulas and rules of thumb found in literature are not sufficient to determine the resulting flow pattern of this system due to the complex geometry, including a pile row for flow velocity reduction. Other studies have shown that numerical models could simulate flow patterns of discharge sluices with much detail. However, a lot of detail in the results also requires much computational time. An example of a detailed numerical software program that is able to simulate the complete three-dimensional flow field is COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6 (COMSOL). Although it provides the most detail, simulating the flow in the entire area of interest (including the RYCO) for a complete tidal cycle in COMSOL would take too much computational time. The objective of the present study is therefore to investigate the possibilities of determining the flow pattern downstream of a discharge sluice using a numerical method that requires less computational time but has sufficient accuracy to determine the potential impact of a discharge sluice on nautical activities. In the present study, two options are considered to determine the flow field downstream of a discharge sluice. Method COMSOL-D3D is a coupled numerical method of a COMSOL and a coarser Delft3D-FLOW 4 (D3D) model. The other option, method D3D, uses only a D3D model and the sluice outflow is schematized by means of the general discharge relation. As validation of the results is not possible due to a lack of measurement data, the methods are applied to a simplified case. The flow pattern resulting from each method is compared to the results obtained with a so-called baseline method. This method consists of modelling the entire domain with only a detailed numerical model, COMSOL. This is possible since, for validation purpose, the domain of the simplified case is relatively small and only stationary conditions are considered. In conclusion, there is a lot of potential in the use of both methods in predicting the flow pattern downstream of a discharge sluice. They produce for the simplified case flow patterns similar to those obtained with the detailed method. Moreover, both methods require relatively little computational time compared to a full 3D simulation, method D3D requires the least amount. However, there are a number of conditions for the application of both methods. The methods cannot be applied in the direct vicinity of the discharge sluice where the flow is highly three-dimensional. If one is interested in the flow in the first meters after the outflow opening or around the pile row, for example for designing the bottom protection, the two considered options are not sufficiently accurate. The flow in this area is too complex to simulate in a D3D model. In this case it is recommended to model the situation completely in COMSOL or a model similar to COMSOL. Furthermore, method D3D can only be applied if the sluice system is simple enough to correctly determine the discharge coefficient analytically/empirically and to simulate the effect of the pile row with a simplification in D3D. It is possible to accurately determine the effect of the pile row on the flow in this study with a schematized porous plate in D3D. Further research must show whether this applies to all types of pile rows. For method COMSOL-D3D it is important that a correct coupling is made between both models. Here it is important to gradually impose the flow rates in the D3D model. Furthermore, the coupling should be made before the predicted point at which the jets starts deflecting towards the side but downstream of the area at which three-dimensional flows caused by the pile row are present. It is important to note that due to a lack of validation data there is an uncertainty in the results following from the model approaches. Further research and the use of validation data must show how accurate the results of the considered methods are. In this research method D3D is applied to the Ostend case. It becomes clear that flow rates exceed predetermined limits for safe operation in the marina. This applies to the entire marina and a large part of the time that the discharge sluice is discharging in marina direction. Measures will therefore have to be taken to prevent this. It is recommended to use method COMSOL-D3D to investigate the optimization between flow velocities in the marina and the discharge capacity. This is due to the fact that the design of the discharge sluice is expected to become much more complex and as a result the discharge coefficient is no longer easy to determine using formulas from literature.

The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is scheduled to present their solution for a storm surge barrier on Galveston Island in 2021 to congress for approval. A solution for an engineered dune system on the Galveston Island West End has been proposed, but storm surge models have shown that protection from this engineered dune only goes so far, moreover the search for a proper alternative that fulfills technical requirements and social political influences have proven to be challenging. This study aimsto assess different dune alternatives, proposed in different reports, with a range of multi disciplinary criteria. The assessment of dune alternatives will also result in guidelines that should be considered for design, maintenance and governance aspects for an engineered dune barrier on Galveston Island, TX. Using a multi disciplinary approach for the evaluation of the different dune alternatives, the following research question was formulated: To what extent do the various dune alternatives fit the requirements for a land barrier at the West End of Galveston Island, looking at both technical and sociopolitical aspects? In this context, technical requirements are defined as the storm surge-and rainfall coping capacities of the dune, i.e. against what kind of storm is the dune resistant. Social political influences are a combination of the perception by local residents that are directly influenced by the construction of a dune system, governmental forms of collaboration, and in provide an analysis of the maintainability of the dune alternatives using the storm surge capacities. The different dune alternatives that have been assessed consist of the dune system proposed by the USACE and GLO (2018), the big dune system proposed by Galvez (2019) and the hybrid dune system as proposed by Muller (2017) and will hereafter be called alternative 1, 2 and 3 respectively. In this report a fourth alternative was introduced which is based on the hybrid dune system by Muller (2017) and consists of a clay core instead of a concrete core. Alternative 4 was chosen in order to simulate the difference between a concrete core and a clay core. Based on XBeach calculations, the storm surge coping capability of each dune was determined by projecting 10 year-, 50 year- and 100 year storms onto the dune alternatives. ArcGIS maps from the Galveston Island allowed for projection of flow patterns on the island in order to determine the rainfall coping capacity. An evaluation of sociopolitical aspects was based on a review of the literature on dune systems, forms of collaboration between governmental and private entities, and interviews with various respondents consisting of private individuals and companies, as well as governmental agencies involved in the process. Analysis of the various dune alternatives, based on multi disciplinary criteria, demonstrated that alternative 1 is completely flattened in 50 year storm events, whereas alternatives 2, 3 and 4 show a good storm surge capacity. All alternatives aggravate the current rainfall capacity at Galveston Island West End, because each dune system poses an obstruction that is not there currently. Alternatives 2 through 4 show a good enough storm resilience, requiring post-storm recovery maintenance while still providing a reduced but fair storm surge capacity. The sociopolitical results indicate that Galveston Island West End residents wishes are only safeguarded for alternative 1. On this basis, the main recommendations are to perform tests upon the dune system alternatives regarding storm events occurring in succession, which is not unusual in the Gulf of Mexico. A combination of alongshore erosion rates from the Galveston Island and the effect of dune vegetation should be determined for the dune alternatives, since these aspects were not considered in this research. Further research is needed to identify the combined effects of rainfall and storm surge in order to get insights into the performances of a certain alternatives. Furthermore, the exact role including the desired storm surge capability should be well defined in order to determine which stakeholder wishes and influences are to be fully considered for the dune system design.