On all levels of rowing, a general rule is that you have to row together. Rowing together has no clear-cut definition. However, it is known that each rower has his or her own style, which can be registered in movement patterns and force curves. The big question is how to combine these individual styles such that the crew works together in the best way. The Dutch Rowing Federation showed interest in this topic, wanting to know how to adjust the rigging dimensions of the boat to allow the best racing performance. The goal of this thesis is to provide advice on what features of the rowing stroke should be synchronized and whether and how this could be promoted by individualized rigging. The theoretical foundation for this study was a literature study about the current knowledge on the rowing stroke and differences within and between individuals and crews. Current used measures on performance and synchronization of rowers were described, and finally a proposal was done for which methods to use in the ongoing of the study. Data was obtained from five female athletes of elite level, doing trials in a quadruple sculls of approximately 30 seconds at 30 SPM and 32 SPM in four different combinations. The strokes were identified and analyzed, based on performance and synchronization measures. Performance measured as Average Speed, Work per Stroke, Blade Losses, Velocity Fluctuation Losses and their respective and combined efficiencies. Synchronization measures were defined as Mean Standard Deviation of the Phase, Standard Deviation of the Time to Half Impulse and Standard Deviation of the Time to Half Work. The chosen synchronization measures were not completely independent. Standard deviations of time to half impulse and half work were found to be highly similar (r = 0.970). An opposite effect was found between kinematic synchronization and the other two, Mean Standard deviation of the Phase was not in line with the empirical rule that better synchronization leads to better performance. The kinetic and energetic measures did show this effect: Lower standard deviations of time to half impulse and time to half work meant higher average speed (r = −0.193) and higher Work per Stroke (r = −0.574). The best performing synchronization measure was time to half impulse synchrony. A drawback on this measure was that the sampling period was long, compared to the interpolated time differences. Athletes were found to achieve their half impulse moments in a consistent order. To find out whether it is possible to promote synchronization and thus performance by individualizing rigging, the oar angles at the time to half impulse were analyzed. This new measure correlated moderately (r = 0.624), meaning it quantifies more or less the same effect. The kinetic similarity actually worked better (r = −0.292 with Average Speed and r = −0.748 with Work per Stroke) than the synchronization measure. Similarity of half impulse angles enables the coach to adjust the rigging such that the timing should improve too. However, this should be tested in a follow-up study.

As a contribution to the decarbonisation of domestic heating, the graduation project investigates the feasibility of the application of UV sensor technology for flame detection and flame monitoring in hydrogen-powered domestic gas boilers. The research includes empirical studies and an analytical approach to describe influences on the sensor signal strength.

Hydrogen is a promising fuel for both reducing greenhouse gas emissions and being used as an energy carrier for renewable energy sources. The adaption of hydrogen instead of natural gas as a fuel in gas turbine combustors introduces additional challenges regarding flame stability. One instabilities is boundary layer flashback. This phenomenon occurs if the flame speed exceeds the local flow velocity. Then the flame can propagate upstream, which can result in equipment failure. Lean premixed hydrogen mixtures are more prone to boundary layer flashback because hydrogen flames have both a smaller quenching distance and higher flame speed compared to natural gas. Therefore, operating at 100% hydrogen fuel content is an enormous challenge. Active control strategies are a promising strategy to prevent and withstand possible occurrences of boundary layer flashback in gas turbine combustors. In this work, the detection, prevention, and counteraction of flashback are investigated in unconfined Bunsen burners. After an experimental analysis of suitable sensors, a tracking controller is therefore designed and different control design approaches evaluated. Both the increase in flame fluctuations and in flame angle are reasonable as indicators for a flame moving towards flashback as the flow velocity is reduced. However, the complex nature of a flame makes it challenging to measure these effects in a flame. Four types of sensors, i.e. an ion sensor, a thermocouple, a photo-detector and a microphone, were investigated for their ability to detect flashback and to find precursors that indicate the onset of flashback. A Bunsen burner equipped with the different types of sensors was used in an experiment to determine the most suitable sensor type. Of the investigated sensors, the thermocouple is the most promising sensor for both flashback detection and use the temperature signal as a control variable. The temperature is a precursor for the onset of flashback since the temperature increases with increasing flame angle. Also, by placing multiple thermocouples in $360^oC$ configuration on the burner rim, it is possible to estimate the position, where the flame entered the burner. A complete fault-tolerant framework to control a flashback event is proposed. This framework increases the flashback resistance of the system and it counteracts possible flashback events, which is considered as a fault in the system. A supervisor block has two functions. Firstly, the supervisor uses a fault detection method, known as trend checking, to detect flashback. Secondly, it decides which strategy should be applied, based on the temperature measurements. The fault-tolerant control strategy is threefold. First, the prevention controller closes the loop, so it can steer away from flashback conditions by rejecting disturbances and tracking a desired reference path using the temperature data. Different tuning methodologies based on the traditional proportional and integral (PI), linear-quadratic-integral (LQI) and pole placement regulator (PPR) are explored for this purpose. The robustness of the proposed controller was verified through loop shaping interpretation. However, flashback could be consider as an stochastic process that still could be triggered. Therefore, the second task is to detect present flashback events and apply counteraction to oppose the fault. A design is proposed by the injection of pressurized air upstream of the burner rim to push back the flame by diluting the boundary layer and increasing the flow speed. A proof-of-concept is validated in the experimental set-up as a possible and feasible counteraction. The third task is a final safety measure. A safety switch would be applied to shut off the fuel supply to fail safe after a potential unsuccessful counteraction attempt. The fault-tolerant control framework was simulated in Simulink for a demonstration purpose, where the models were identified from experimental data. The proposed fault tolerant control framework is intended to increases the flashback resistance of the system by being more robust towards disturbances and flashback events that would normally require a restart of the system. Its potential to do so has been confirmed by simulations. However, further research on the prediction of flashback and controller implementation are still required to run burners on 100% hydrogen without flashback.

Currently, the paper producing industry is a significant energy consumer and contributes to the excessive greenhouse emissions. In order to become carbon neutral by 2050, it is evident that the paper industry must become more sustainable as well. Most of the energy is consumed in the dewatering process. Therefore, optimizing this process is key for efficient operation and reducing the carbon footprint. Since the late 1950's, there have been several models proposed to describe the dryer section of a paper machine. However, the majority did not capture internal transport phenomena resulting in inadequate models for heavier paper grades. In this work, a comprehensive physical-numerical model is developed that describes the internal transport phenomena in multicylinder paper drying. The model solves a set of two differential equations describing the moisture content and temperature in the thickness direction of the sheet. The model can be solved by imposing time-varying boundary- and initial conditions. The model includes unfelted and double-felted cylinders. Correlations for multiple thermodynamic properties are proposed and evaluated. Heat and mass transfer coefficients at the open surface are determined using the Chilton-Colburn analogy. Furthermore, the sorptive characteristics are fully accounted for. In order to find the most applicable thermodynamic properties, the model is validated against data gathered in a field survey, carried out as part of this project. In this field survey, a paper grade of 203 [g/m^2] running at 403 [m/s] was investigated. Temperature measurements were performed in order to determine the conditions per cylinder. A final moisture content and two temperature profiles were used as test criteria to validate the model. Furthermore, the survey gave direct insight on the state of the dryer section: Cylinder 23 was found to be in the flooded state and the warm-up time was too long. The model was found to slightly overestimate the final moisture content: the calculated final wet-basis moisture content at the end of the pre-dryer section was 0.235 [kg/kg], which is 0.022 [kg/kg] above the measured final moisture content. The calculated temperature profiles closely followed measured values. The effect of changing three operating conditions was evaluated. This involved fixing the relative humidities in the pockets, felting the first 10 cylinders and varying the machine speeds. By fixing the relative humidities in the pockets, the final moisture content increased by almost 20%. However, a 60% reduction in volumetric flow rate over the fans could be achieved. Felting the first 10 cylinders results in a 50% reduction in the warm-up length and a 8.9% decrease in the final moisture content. Lastly, it was found that for an increased machine speed, the final moisture content increases as well, due to reduced heat transfer and drying time. This Master Thesis Project was carried out by the author at the company Kadant Johnson in the Netherlands.

Prediction of emissions from combustion systems is a complex problem involving the coupling between the flow field and chemistry. CFD analysis is the most commonly employed approach. However, it has the drawback that a very high computational cost prevents the use of detailed chemistry models. This master thesis, which focuses on NOx emissions, uses a more unconventional method of emissions prediction: Chemical Reactor Network (CRN). The advantage of this method is that, as it does not use fine discretisation, closure models nor fluid dynamics equations, it allows the implementation of detailed chemistry mechanisms. A CRN is developed first for a single-element Lean Direct Injection (LDI) combustor and then the CRN is adapted for a Multi-Point LDI (MPLDI) combustor. CFD and experimental results are used to set up the CRN. In the base case scenario, in which kerosene is the fuel choice, the NOx emissions predicted are very close to experimental measurements. This is particularly meaningful given the high uncertainties of modelling this highly complex turbulent combustion process. The developed CRN is also used to predict NOx emissions for the same combustor when the fuel choice is varied. Namely, the alternative fuels considered are kerosene enriched with hydrogen, methane and methane enriched with hydrogen. In comparison to kerosene, higher Lower Heating Values (LHVs) of these fuels lead to lower combustor temperatures for the same power input. Consequently, the thermal NOx pathway is weakened and the NOx mass flow generated is reduced. Nevertheless, these fuels with a higher LHV come with an increased operational risk that must be overcome before their implementation in aviation becomes possible.

The efficient and clean combustion of liquid fuels is a fundamental requirement in the design of future energy systems. Simulation plays a more and more important role in the design of such burners. In this work the spray combustion simulation approach introduced by Ma (2016) is improved, and validated against the CORIA Jet Spray Flame database (Verdier et al., 2017). The database presents droplet temperatures measured by global rainbow refractometry technique, which gives a unique insight in the flame structure. The two phase flow is treated with an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach. Flamelet Generated Manifold (FGM) is used to model the gas phase combustion. The RANS equations are solved using final volume method, with standard k − ε turbulence modelling. The turbulence-chemistry interaction is addressed with assumed probability density function method. The spray cloud is modelled with the Lagrangian transport of droplets including heat and mass transfer. Ma (2016) developed a solver based on the OpenFOAM 2.3.x libraries. His development is complemented in this work with a novel spray model. The improved spray modelling allows the treatment of droplet evaporation in the context of FGM without limiting the complexity of the chemical mechanism. This improvement is crucial for the modelling of complex fuels and the correct prediction of emissions. The modelling concept is rather light-weight considering the RANS approach. Despite the low computational expenses, most of the results agree fairly well with the measurement data. However the correct prediction of droplet temperature remains an an unresolved problem. Ma, L. (2016). Computational modelling of turbulent spray combustion. PhD Thesis, Delft University of Technology. Verdier, A., Santiago, J. M., Vandel, A., Saengkaew, S., Cabot, G., Grehan, G., and Renou, B. (2017). Experimental study of local flame structures and fuel droplet properties of a spray jet flame. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute , 36(2):2595-2602.

Impinging jets are relevant ow configurations in many technological developments. For example, on some short take-off and landing aircraft the high speed exhaust from the jet engine is deflected by direct impingement on the aps to create extra lift during take-off. Fatigue due to excessive dynamic loading on the aps and high levels of noise radiation are among the problems encountered in such designs. Additionally, such flow-structure interaction is a good model for cooling of turbine blades, annealing of plastic and metal sheets, deicing of aircraft systems etc.. Jets are easy to simulate and contain all the constituents necessary for the study of shear flows. The shear-layer instability at the nozzle edge develops into axisymmetric toroidal vortices which magnifies in size and strength downstream of the nozzle. The interaction of these vortices with the solid structures induces pressure fluctuations that manifests in the form of noise in the far-field region. Hence, it is also a benchmark case for studying vortex-structure interaction noise.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the hydrodynamics of rowing propulsion and to enhance this propulsion. This requires to have insight in both the flow phenomena and the generated hydrodynamic forces. In (competitive) rowing athletes generate a propulsive force by means of a rowing oar blade. During propulsion the oar blade is submerged close to the surface and the athlete exerts a force on the handle of the oar. This causes a reaction force fromthe water at the other end of the oar, the oar blade, which together with the force at the handle generates the propulsive force at the oar lock, the pivot point on the boat. For optimal performance it is essential to maximise the propulsion caused by this hydrodynamic reaction force at the blade. To achieve this, understanding of the flow field around the oar blade during this propulsive phase is vital. In chapter 2 the results are presented on the drag on, and the flow field around, a submerged rectangular normal flat plate, which is uniformly accelerated to a constant target velocity along a straight path. The plate aspect ratio is chosen to be AR = 2 to resemble an oar blade in (competitive) rowing. The plate depth, i.e. the distance from the top of the plate to the air–water interface, the plate acceleration and the plate target velocity are varied, resulting in a plate width based Reynolds number of 4£104 · Re · 8£104. In the analysis three phases are distinguished; (i) the acceleration phase during which the plate drag is increased, (ii) the transition phase during which the plate drag decreases to a constant steady value upon which (iii) the steady phase is reached. The plate drag force is measured as function of time which showed that the steady-phase plate drag at a depth of 1/5 plate height (20 mm depth for a plate height of 100 mm) increased by 45% compared to the plate top at the surface (0mm). Also, it is shown that the drag force during acceleration of the plate increases over time and is not captured by a single added mass coefficient for prolonged accelerations. Instead, an entrainment rate is defined that captures this behaviour. The formation of starting vortices and the wake development during the time of acceleration and transition towards a steady wake are studied using hydrogen bubble flow visualisations and particle image velocimetry. The formation time, as proposed by Gharib et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 360, 1998, pp. 121–140), appears to be a universal time scale for the vortex formation during the transition phase. These findings serve as the basis for defining a best practice during the start of a rowing race as described in chapter 4. In chapter 3 the results are presented of experiments in which the flow around a realistic rowing oar blade, in combination with realistic kinematics, was measured using concurrent force measurements and PIV measurements. The aim of these experiments is to identify which flow phenomena govern rowing propulsion and subsequently adjust the oar blade configuration to optimise rowing propulsion. The oar blade moves along a cycloidal path, and due to the large accelerations and decelerations replicating the oar blade path is all but trivial. The oar blade and kinematics are scaled by a factor of 0.5 due to limitations of the experimental set-up. The flow field around the oar blade during the drive phase is measured and several flow phenomena such as the generation of leading and trailing edge vortices are linked to the generation of lift and drag, which both contribute to rowing propulsion. The oar blade performance is defined as the energetic and impulse efficiencies ´E and ´J , where the latter can be seen as the alignment of the generated impulse with the propulsive direction. It is found that when using a standard configuration of a rowing oar blade, the generated impulse is not aligned with the propulsive direction. This suggests that the propulsion is not optimal. By adjusting the angle at which the blade is attached to the oar an optimal oar blade angle was found (¯ = 15°) that aligns the generated impulse with the propulsive direction. At this angle the generation of leading and trailing edge vortices changes such that the overall hydrodynamic efficiency of the propulsion is optimised. @en

Energy efficiency is a key goal for the Quooker system. To further increase the energy efficiency of the Quooker system, this study investigates a possible heat integration system where the waste heat from the refrigeration cycle for chilled drinking water is implemented to preheat water before entering the boiling water reservoir. Due to the intermittent nature of both the supply of heat, which is coupled to the control scheme of the chilled water reservoir and the demand for heat, which is determined by the user, a thermal storage system is required. Literature showed that the best refrigeration system for this application was a vapour compression system using a natural refrigerant such as isobutane. The most efficient heat storage could be done using organic phase change materials (PCM). Using a PCM allows the system to retain more energy in the same volume due to the latent heat in the system. To enhance the heat transfer between the fluid streams and the PCM, a fin-and-tube heat exchanger concept was designed. This concept, coupled with existing Quooker system demands, leads to a preliminary set of design requirements as well as a set of variables left to be optimised by modelling. The heat transfer from the refrigerant to the tubes was modelled using known correlations for condensation in tubes. The heat transfer between tubes and fins was modelled using a two-dimensional finite difference scheme. The heat transfer between the tubes and the water was modelled using forced convection models. The models gave dimensions for the size of the PCM container, the number of passes for each fluid stream and the thickness and spacing of the heat transfer fins. An experimental setup based on the optimal design was created to validate the models. The results showed that PCM storage is an effective manner to store thermal energy. Heat transfer was significant in the regions surrounding the tubes. Further away from the tubes, the fins did not provide enough heat transfer to utilise the whole storage capacity effectively. In its current design state, the system would have an economic payback time of around 20 years. With small design improvements, such as increasing the fin thickness and decreasing the fin distance, the payback period can be brought down significantly. The added product value from being a more efficient product makes the concept promising for future implementation.

A 1:5 scaled rowing boat had been designed by a previous research group to determine the performance of rowing blades with different sizes and blade angles. In this research modifications were done to allow more control of the rowing motion. The aim of this study is to assess whether an angled oar blade can reach faster speeds with the same input power. This is done by collecting data with force and position sensors. With the collected data, the input power and speed of the rowing boat can be compared between several modified oar blades. The results of the tests in the towing tank show that it is very likely that the rowing boat can go faster with the same input power by adjusting the oar blade angle.

In this thesis work, we strive to describe and apply the modelling methodology for simulating a turbulent jet diffusion flame stabilized behind a bluff body by applying flamelet generated manifold (FGM) model and steady diffusion flamelet model for predicting the pollutant emissions from the flame. The flame under consideration is a CH4/H2 (1:1) bluff-body stabilized flame known as HM1. The numerical calculations of the flow physics has been completed by using a commercial CFD code namely Ansys Fluent 19-R3, where the computational domain is assumed to be two dimensional and axis-symmetric in nature due to the cylindrical symmetry of the burner with an structured grid for meshing. The turbulence is modelled by using a two equation Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes model, namely the standard k – ϵ model with a modification in the Cϵ1 from 1.44 to 1.60. The chemical mechanism used in the project was the GRI 2.11 mechanism developed by the Gas Research Institute, USA. Next, postprocessing tools like the Reactor Network Model (RNM) and Ansys NOx post-processor were used as an alternative, possibly a better way to obtain the NO species concentrations. The acquired results from the simulation are thoroughly analysed and were compared to earlier results on the HM1 flame in the literature and validated by using the experimental data documented by the University of Sydney in collaboration with the TNF Workshop. The results showed that the steady diffusion flamelet performed better than the FGM model and was in acceptable agreement with the experimental data, although some under-prediction and overpredictions were reported for NO and OH species. In regard with the post-processing tools the RNM model performed better than the Ansys NOx post processor.

Rowing is a competitive sport where victory is determined by fine margins. In the past, the focus has been on optimizing the shell. Due to the increasing regulations placed on the shell design, the scope for manoeuvring in this area is greatly limited. This increases the necessity to focus on the less explored option of propulsion in rowing. The propulsion is caused by the momentum transfer from the rowers to the water with the help of oar blades. The design of these oar blades has also been extensively studied. However, knowledge on the effect of the air-water interface on the drag force on the oar blades is still lacking. Therefore, visualizing the flow around the oar blades will lead to better understanding of the flow structures, which would help in optimizing the drag force acting on the oar blades. In the present study, a simplified scenario of a rectangular flat plate moving normally to its plane along a straight line and parallel to the free surface has been studied using hydrogen bubble visualization and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Using a 4-axes industrial robot and a force/torque transducer, the effect of the air-water interface on the drag force on the plate has been studied at a Reynolds number, based on the longest edge of the plate, of 6×104. The analysis of the drag force profiles at different plate depths led to the identification of a high drag case, which occurred at a plate depth h of 20 mm. The hydrogen bubble visualization indicated that in this specific case, the high drag was related to the formation of a compact wake behind the plate. Hydrogen bubble visualizations were also performed at two other plate depths, h = 0 and h = 100 mm, to determine the effect of the air-water interface on the flow structures and ultimately on the drag force acting on the plate. The visualization of the deep water case (h = 100 mm) captured the formation of a vortex ring, which was found to have unique effects on the drag force. The presence of the air-water interface was found to significantly influence the drag force on the plate. Additionally, an extensive decomposition of the drag force profile showed a time-dependent added mass force and a decaying force acting on the plate. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements were carried out in the horizontal mid-plane of the plate. The tracking of the starting vortex and its disintegration has been identified using the swirling strength analysis. Finally, combining the hydrogen bubble visualization and PIV results, the formation and the development of the starting vortex was identified.

Steel plants are one of the largest sources of waste heat. Waste heat recovery throughout the steelmaking process is not a new phenomenon. One of the sources of waste heat is found in the coke plant. Cokes are an essential part of steel production. During the coking process hot cokes are cooled down. Most coke plants in the world traditionally use water, so called wet quenching. In this process, all the heat put into the cokes is dispersed to the environment as steam. This waste heat source has huge potential. The goal of this study is to find a method to utilise this waste heat and to evaluate this method’s technical and economic feasibilities. The chief issue that must be tackled in a design is the fact that the steam generated during a quench is close to atmospheric pressure. Another issue to be solved is that of the solid particles suspended in the steam. Several potential designs were produced to use the steam from a quench to recover the waste heat. Based on several criteria, the design using the Synext engine was found to be the superior one and was developed further. This design is divided into three sections, capture, cleaning and storage. A water wall and capture valve are used to capture the steam. An impaction and a cyclone separator are used to rid the steam of the solid particles to the extent that their detrimental effect to the Synext engine is minimised. The sepa-rators’ dimensions are derived based on the steam input and Synext engine requirements. The steam is then stored in a storage vessel. A Simulink model of the design is composed to simulate the process and evaluate its efficiency and technical feasibility. The model’s findings show that the outputs for certain cases require unreasonable dimensions for the design. The economic analysis showed the designs costs make it an unlucrative investment.

Flameless combustion, or MILD combustion is a technology that enables stable combustion with high efficiency while maintaining very low NOx and soot emissions. It is characterized by uniform heat flux and can be achieved when fuel and preheated oxidant jets are mixed into a strong recirculating flow. It is a complex process which combines multiple physical phenomena such as, heat transfer and reactions in a turbulent flow and is difficult to capture numerically via simple Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. Therefore, appropriate turbulence, chemistry, radiation and turbulence-chemistry interaction models are required to address this combustion regime via computational modeling. The present work tries to tackle this issue by conducting a comparative study of different radiation, turbulence and chemistry models for the simulation of a labscale MILD combustion furnace using RANS CFD simulations. This assessment was conducted in two steps. Firstly, the importance of radiative heat transfer in furnaces was investigated, by simulating an axisymmetric oxycombustion furnace using advanced radiation models. The SLW, Domain-based WSGG and Cell-based WSGG models were evaluated using simple chemistry and turbulence models. The results were validated based on the work of Webb et al and experimental results. It was concluded that detailed simulation of the radiative gas properties is important and directly influences the resulting temperature field, especially in the bulk flow region. Secondly, a detailed evaluation of a Dutch natural gas fired Delft lab-scale furnace that is operating in MILD combustion was conducted. For the turbulence modeling, the Standard, the Modified Standard, the Realizable k − ε and the k − ω SST Models were compared firstly qualitatively, based on velocity and reaction field contours, and secondly, quantitatively, based on available LDA velocity measurements. The influence of the chemistry modeling was evaluated in two parts. Firstly, the qualitative effect of changing the Cξ constant of the EDC model on temperature and reaction zones of the GRI-Mech 3.0, the DRM-19, the KEE58 and Chen mechanisms, was investigated. And secondly, the quantitative effect on the use of the GRI-Mech 3.0, the KEE58, Chen and Lu-30, based on CARS temperature measurements was researched. Lastly, the influence of the radiation model was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively using the standard 1-RTE domain based WSGG, a 4-RTE WSGG, a cell-based WSGG and the SLW model. Out of the mechanisms coupled with the EDC, the GRI-Mech 3.0 performs well. Of the radiative properties models the domain based WSGG performs worse compared to the other models. The cell based WSGG performs similarly to the more advanced spectral and non-grey (4-RTE) models and has lower computational cost. For these reasons, the best overall combination for the studied flameless furnace is found to be the combination of Standard k−ε model, standard EDC with GRI-Mech 3.0 and cell based WSGG.

Heat pipes are typically used in the semiconductor industry. This means that the scale of these heat pipes is typically in the order of centimeters. Zijm suggests that heat pipes could be used for geothermal applications, but literature is lacking. To further investigate the geothermal application of heat pipes, a large scale heat pipe is built. This thesis gives an insight in the typical design challenges that one faces when constructing a heat pipe of this scale. The heat pipe that is constructed can support a heat flow of 10 kW. The heat pipe is constructed from mainly 54 millimeter copper and glass pipes. The evaporator section is 1.5 meters long and facilitates controlled electric heating. Then follows a 4 meter long adiabatic section. The condenser section is 2.5 meters long. The total length of the heat pipe is 9 meters. The individual sections are held together by EPDM connectors. The dimensions of the heat pipe are compared to the operational limits posed by the Engineering Sciences Data Unit. Then the thermal resistances of the heat pipe sections are calculated and afterwards validated. The interfacial thermal resistance between the electric heaters and evaporator wall was reduced by applying thermal conduction paste to the band heaters. It was found that at coolant flows of 1000 l/h and higher, the vapour temperature in the heat pipe drops significantly. The drop in temperature facilitates a higher heat flow through the heat pipe. Also, the resistance across the evaporator and the condenser section gets smaller for higher coolant flows. The results found are supported by theory and formulae from the Engineering Sciences Data Unit.