Bangkok, the primary mega-city of Thailand, had once been driven by water-based development until car mobility was introduced. Since then, the development has been gradually shifted to land-based. The dispersed roads and highways stimulated the urban sprawl where suburban gated communities are built in the outskirts, inaccessible by public transportation, and encourage private motorization. To cope with the congestion, the government is developing public rail transport throughout the metropolitan area. However, the current market-driven development triggers the proliferation of urban gated communities around the emerging stations, resulting in transit-induced gentrification and leaving insufficient spaces for the public. Social segregation and unlivable environments posed by these unplanned phenomena need to be responded. Simultaneously, the water network is disregarded and home to the impoverished citizens, which hinders the performance of stormwater management in this flood-prone metropolis. Regardless of how extensive the network is, only a few waterways are used for public transport. Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) is readjusting the land-use plan to align with the expansion of mobility networks, considering the Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) and Compact City. Since the concepts have been predominantly applied in the Global North, they need to be comprehensively studied to be adapted to Bangkok properly. This project investigates Bangkok’s current spatial, social, and institutional conditions on multiple scales to seek the development potentialities. On the macro-scale, it proposes potential canals to be utilized for waterborne transport and prospective TOD locations. Ramkhamhaeng is selected as the pilot project to apply patterns translated from the metropolitan-scale vision and strategy in four layers; enhancing collective and public space, integrated urban mobility, density configuration, and revitalizing water systems. On the micro-scale, design intervention showcases the contextualization of the principles and explores the built forms compromising to the surroundings. Lastly, to realize the project, it suggests the planning systems that engage all stakeholders to ensure the inclusive and efficient operation and implementation, which resulting in the aimed livable and socially diverse environments.

t seems that urban shrinkage has become a very 'normal' stage of urban development process in Europe. Starting in Germany during the late 1990s and early 2000s, and then slowly but surely spreading across most of Europe (Bontie and Musterd, 2012). Nearly half of Europe's cities home to one-third of the continent's population- are shrinking in one way or another. Shrinkage is a very diverse and complex process in urban development, but one of the most intuitive phenomena is structural population loss, constant and considerable. Whether the reason for shrinkage is deindustrialization or postwar politics, urban lifecycle is the spatial effect of economic circular development (Martinez-Fernandez at el, 2012).In a shrinking city or more generally, a shrinking area, social problems and economic problems are eventually affecting local residents' life, causing decrease in security, amenity, comfort, social vital ity, etc., reducing economic circulations and putting the future of the region into worrying uncertainty. Parkstad Limburg, in south part of Limburg Province in the Netherlands, has a long history, and experienced rapid urbanization and development in 20th century due to mining industry. However, after shutting down of mine sites, this region has been facing shrinkage even till now. Before Industrial Revolution, Parkstad has an agricultural-based history since Roman time; although urbanization and expansion reduced farming area significantly, there are still many heritages of ancient natural landscape and agricultural production existing in Parkstad. The unique hilly landscape being found nowhere else in the country also makes the region a really popular tourism destination for visitors from home and abroad. Currently Parkstad is undergoing economic restructuring in this post-mining period and it's looking forwarding to a sustainable regional economic development using its tourism resource which has great potential. Shrinkage has brought challenges as well as opportunities to Parkstad. In this post-industrial era, with the background condition of shrink age, how to promote economic circulation and social vibrancy using local material to trigger new types of spatial programming? This landscape architecture design project, taking Parkstad as an example, proposes reintroduction of agricultural landscape elements in order to reproduce the idyllic beauty and attract tourists. In small scale, a typical South Limburg farmhouse is transformed into a green care farm for the elderly with traditional agricultural elements such as high-stemmed orchard. How reintroduction of agricultural landscape elements can improve attract tourism and investment in a regional scale is also explained. This project is hoped to explore how adaptive reuse of landscape heritage especially agricultural heritage can improve living quality, boost economic activities, stimulate social vitality to present Parkstad with a regional development of positive circulation

The aim of this project is to bring the forgotten land of the RingA10 back to the city, by transforming the one purpose space into a multifunctional place of its own identity. The project Kunstwerk Ring A10 aims to connect the highway, the city and the human creating the layer of “In the ring” between “the inside” and “the outside” on the map of Amsterdam. This will be done using the participatory methods of research and design with a specific focus on redefining identity and creating perception of place.

Hong Kong is an immigrant city. Over 30% of population nowadays are immigrant from mainly China mainland, Malaysia, Philippine and UK (CSD, 2017). Sham Shui po is a typical arrival city that had successfully accommodated several generations of immigrants and help them rising to the local city middle class. Sham Shui Po is developed in 1920s. Its small housing, density and streetscape help them to frame a social supporting network and create more low-skill job opportunity. However, these urban renewal projects are damaging the existing immigrant community’s social mechanism that helps them to move upward to better income social status. What’s more, with the growing awareness of property right and community movement, the counterviews from neighborhood residents, including migrant tenant, property owners and other stakeholders, were getting stronger and lead to radical rise on financial and administrative cost of redevelopment process. This research is aiming to use participatory planning and design to fulfill urban renewal’s economic and social goals while maintain, as well as improve, the supportive mechanism of immigrant neighborhood, in terms of better affordable living, accessible job opportunity, sense of community and cultural identity in Hong Kong. It is based on the theory of migrants’ city, which addresses on migrants’ life and spatial need. Another theoretical column is participatory planning and design, which claims to include users and stakeholders voice in design and planning process. With research on participation practices in Asian cities, a participatory are proposed as a tool for planer to engage and intervene on participatory planning. It is constituted by a strategy plan, community engagement and neighborhood design toolkit.

In recent years, with the deepening of the urbanization process, high-density urban development models have led to a series of climatic problems such as poor urban ventilation and air pollution. Urban morphology forms a unique microclimate in the city, which has an important impact on the diffusion and distribution of pollutants inside the urban boundary layer. Chengdu, as a large central city in the southwestern of China, has developed rapidly, with numerous sources of atmospheric pollution. At the same time, its basin topography and climatic conditions make it difficult to dilute and disperse pollutants. In this thesis, the background of Chengdu was introduced, and the severe trend of urban development and air pollution was stated at first. Secondly, further understanding of the relationship between urban morphology, urban microclimate and air pollution will be involved. And a city-scale risk assessment was conducted to define the most vulnerable areas. Thereafter, it is possible to evaluate the microclimates represented by the wind and heat environment in these areas. Then integrating pollution abatement and microclimate design into the urban design process by using a maximization approach. From the aspects of street canyon morphology, surfaces and urban trees, proposing wind-heat coupled optimization solutions to reduce air pollution. The guidelines and design method are aimed at improving the scientificity of urban design and providing a reference for the creation of sustainable and healthy cities.

The graduation project starts from the attention and research to the dynamic water level change in coastal area in North Sea, and by analysising the potential flooding risks, climate-sensitive mudflat, and the relationship between regional ecosystem and local people, the observation to changing coastal landscape are emphasised, to rethink how to reuse the leftover human space to reflect the changing ecological environment, emphasing people's bioregionalism awareness. By Redefining the meanings of the fortification heritage, the meanings of the Grain tower, defencing not only the national territory but defence for the territory defined by the whole nature; not only record the history, but measure the changing nature through time. Key words: Soft edge between sea and land , fortificaton heritage architecture, tidal mudflat, changing horizon, bioregionalism, changing ecological environment

A corridor towards sustainable urban development is a reflection about the current planning techniques and how to apply them in the African context, specifically in Mozambique. It aims to raise awareness about the necessity of an understanding and adapting of European urban theories to the context conditionants and strong cultural identity of the African location. The main aim is to explore a shift in the metropolitan planning approaches in developing countries via a contextualized vision and strategy for Maputo Metropolitan Area 2040 that translates the expected growth of the area into a sustainable urban development introducing principles of adaptive governance and ‘non conventional’ housing policies. This project proposes a shift in perspective to approach the danger of the fast growing trend happening in the Metropolitan Area of Mozambique, which is currently leading to high rates of informality and precarious living conditions in 70% of its extension, The Maputo Metropolitan Area (MMA). The project reflects towards the research question: How can contextualized planning strategies structure metropolitan growth in a fast urbanization context as the back bone of mobility based sustainable spatial urbanization? How can adaptive governance support the decision making in this strategy?. It presents a detailed analysis and diagnosis of the area, the study of diff erent growing scenarios and the proposal of a vision and strategy for Maputo Metropolitan Area 2040. This final strategy is just a pilot of new approaches to orientate the urban development considering the diff erent aspects that condition the current situation of MMA: the spatial strategies and the policies to structure them. It introduce the proposition of changing certain principles of how to approach the context complexity, it does not aim to be a final solution. The integrated strategy is divided in three multi-scale strategies: The Corridors, Moamba airport and New Katembe that, based on non conventional housing policies and adaptive governance theoretical framework, will propose a suistainable framework for the urban development of MMA 2040

For refugees that are fleeing is access to reliable information of great importance in order to allow them to seek for what they need and avoid dangers. On their journey they experience moments of immobility and in these periods useful information is in need leading to economic, social or knowledge resources. These resources gives them access to mobility of the following trajectory. The purpose of this study is to investigate information processes used by refugees approaching economic, social and knowledge resources while being in immobility fleeing to Europe and redesigning in information flows in order to ease resource collecting. This research made progress through documentary and literature study, empirical analysis in an exploratory in-depth case study by mapping that draws upon field work, and proposes design principles in information provision. The way interventions provide communication for information needs vary in different settings of urban and rural areas. In a urban spread complex information network, provision focuses on filtering and linking to the surroundings. That is other than in rural areas with limited clustered network, where providers have the role of introducing and connect to a wider existing network.

In the past two decades, two big processes have changed the urban configuration of Jerusalem: The construction of the West Bank separation barrier, leaving the majority of the Palestinian neighborhoods of the city completely cut out from their hinterland and neighboring Palestinian cities, and the ongoing planning and construction of the light rail project in Jerusalem. The light rail project is a part of a transportation infrastructure upgrade that came as a response to the city’s urban sprawl and its heavy traffic problem. These two processes seem to be of a contradictive nature: one is of absolute separation and segregation, and the other is of interconnection and integration. The truth, as always, is more complex, and these two processes are deeply rooted in the colonization of the city. This thesis researches the relations between urban planning and the process of colonization, and, in particular, the role of transportation infrastructure in manifesting colonization patterns in the urban space in the city of Jerusalem. It analyzes the dynamics that influence urban planning in a divided city that is subjected to urban conflict and examines the problems, urban damage, and social injustice that are caused by it. The design part of this thesis explores the potential of urban planning and design as a means of a decolonization and reconciliation process and proposes a transition to a transit-oriented development framework to support it. From the understanding of the powerful role that transportation infrastructure plays in the colonization and segregation of the city, the main research question of this thesis is: How could Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) serve as an instrument for decolonization and inclusion in Jerusalem? To answer this question, this thesis takes the approach of alternative planning – grounded on the existing spatial and social conditions of the city while exploring alternative urban planning and design given a different political framework. This approach enables a critical debate about existing narratives and assumptions, stimulates discussion, and imagines a different future beyond existing political constraints. The design part of the thesis consists of three levels: Strategic planning, in the form of a city-scale urban vision that explores a transit-oriented development framework to the city as a means for decolonization. Governance design, exploring implementation strategies and governance transformation to support the urban vision and implement it on the local scale. Urban design: Two key projects on a local scale are designed in important nodes of the urban vision. The design of the key projects examines the implications of the urban vision on the local scale and explores the potentials of decolonization on the urban form and public space.

This thesis proposes the development of a new centrality outside of Central London in order to combat the increasingly evident problems generated by London’s mono-centric model of development. In doing so, special attention is paid to understanding the region of Greater London as a networked urban system. Following a diagnosis of the current condition and the processes that have led to its existence, this thesis generates, optimizes and evaluates several options for a new centrality and the transit links needed to support them. In this process, a network analysis carried out in Python forms a central element to concretely understand the complexity of London’s system of station areas. Subsequently Woolwich, the most fitting of the options reviewed, is further elaborated through a development strategy comprising the local, regional and governance actions needed to create the conditions for, and providing guidance of, its development into a new centrality.

Urban highway, as a product of modern city, is one of the most important influencing factors that shape the contemporary urban landscape. It was built to ease the urban traffic pressure. However, the negative impacts on the urban space and the surrounding environment cannot be ignored. In the most cases, highway is widely regarded and treated as an only functional infrastructure. In my point of view, it also has potentials to be a public facility instead of strictly utilitarian by being contextualized, integrated and interacted with urban environment and urban life. Therefore, I have developed a concept of ‘hybrid highway landscape’ as a new phase of urban highway. In order to explore the potential of hybrid highway landscape, highway A40 in the centre of Duisburg, a highly urban context, and its right-of-way is regarded as an interesting experimental field for the research project.

In response to greater demand for transparency, technology advancements and the disintermediation by startups are gradually making some of the information public. As a result, property-related information is increasingly available in digital and paper form. However, a significant portion of the digitized information is hosted on disparate systems, which results in a lack of transparency and efficiency, and a higher incidence of inaccuracies that creates a greater potential for fraud. Blockchain technology could enable the commercial real estate industry to address these inefficiencies and inaccuracies. This research focusses on exploring the different possibilities for integrating blockchain technology in the real estate management process. By analyzing the current real estate management process and gaining knowledge about the implementation of blockchain technology, the objective of this research is exploring in which phases of the real estate management process the process can benefit from the use of blockchain technology. The research findings contribute to the knowledge of opportunities for broad implementation of blockchain technology in the real estate management process by providing a scientific based research document. It provides a broad overview of different opportunities and constraints for using blockchain technology in the process. It increases awareness for the disruption this technology might bring. This research provides scientific arguments for possibilities of implementing blockchain technology in the real estate management process and will function as a trigger for continuation of research into this topic.

The biggest city of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, faces increasing flood risk, causing frequent sickness, loss of life, and widespread damage to property. Dar es Salaam is one of the fastest growing cities in the world. More than 70% of the residents live in informal settlements. Many of them are located in flood prone areas like river valleys and floodplains, which flood annually. Because of their limited coping capacity, residents are not able to recover from the impacts of this flooding. Due to the change of precipitation patterns, the flood risk is likely to increase in the future, putting even more people and assets at risk during more frequent and intense floods. This graduation project seeks to answer the main research question: How can urban form and landscape help to mitigate the effects of floods on citizens in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania? For areas with a high density of buildings, multifunctional courtyards are proposed. The existing building structure is strategically densified, and filled with new buildings to shape courtyards. Inside, a variety of interventions reduce the water run-off into the river valley, treat waste water and generate income via urban agriculture and aquaponic systems. For the river valley the construction of “chinampas” is being proposed, which creates a high retention capacity for storm water while enabling agricultural activities and connectivity across the river valley throughout the wet and dry seasons. At the edges of the valley, different interventions are located in order to reduce and clean run-off water before entering the valley. The combination of spatial interventions to reduce the flood risk with urban agriculture reduces the impacts and increases the ability of residents to deal with future hazards. The design proposals are supported by a implementation strategy and complimenting policies which reduce pollution, steer future urban development and introduce new renting models to host a higher diversity of lifestyles with different economic abilities.

Heat waves are a leading cause of weather related fatalities world-wide. Due to increasing urbanisation, climate change and an ageing population, health risks for urban populations will continue to increase in the coming years. The effect of urban heat islands on the health of vulnerable groups where especially the elderly population is hit the hardest, is widely recognized in literature. In past studies the effect of heat has been modelled for the entire population of a city or state where outside temperature measures or land surface temperature is the hazard. Research on specific vulnerable groups such as the elderly is relatively sparse to this date. In this study various datasets have been combined with the aim of providing a method for the development of a heat-related elderly risk index (HERI) for the elderly population of The Hague. The final composite risk indexes have been constructed for three moments in the day on the 27th of July which was the hottest day of the heat wave of 2018. The structure of the index is based on Crichton’s Triangle of Risk, which states that risk is a function of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. By selecting the following indicators to represent the spatial layers: physiological equivalent temperature, indoor temperature, facade orientation, being 75 years or older, loneliness among people over the age of 75, and population density. The indicators are assigned a weight trough the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), after which the indicators can be combined into a HERI maps for the three timestamps. Different configurations of indicators have been used for creating the HERI maps, yielding different weights for each set. This resulted in two types of HERI maps: HERI-2 and HERI- 3. HERI-2 exists of physiological equivalent temperature, being 75 years or older, loneliness among people over the age of 75, and population density. HERI-3 is composed of the same indicators as HERI-2 but instead of physiological equivalent temperature, indoor temperature is used as the hazard. The HERI maps for the three timestamps have been validated by performing a Pearson Correlation between the HERI maps and the mortality numbers among the elderly in the days after the heat wave. The indicators and mortality are non correlated except for the indicator ’being 75 years or older’. However when the indicators are combined into the HERI index maps a weak positive correlation with mortality can be seen. The results indicate that it is necessary that the indicators have to be re-evaluated and several weighting methods have to be considered in order to improve the HERI.

We have selected seven contributions for this issue of Spool, four from the Eastern Mediterranean basin (Istanbul, Beirut, Acre and Jaffa) and three from Atlantic Europe (Bodø, Matosinhos and Gafanha da Nazaré). Roula El Khoury and Paola Ardizzola address the post-civil war reconstruction of Beirut in Lebanon and reveal how neoliberal models of development resulted in a generic city. Adem Erdem Erbas uses the Istanbul port heritage area in Turkey to showcase how GIS helps to consider underground cultural inventory from a historic landscape perspective within the framework of the conservation plans. Ana Jayone Yarza Pérez explores the potential of adaptive reuse evaluation procedure in the Old City of Acre, Israel, as a means to deal with development and gentrification in this World Heritage site. Komal Potdar explores the historical evolution of the old town, cultural geography, and the current state of exclusion and gentrification in Jaffa, Israel. She underlines the need for discourse on socio-spatial analysis and assessment for decision-making processes for urban heritage design. Diego Inglez de Souza and Ivo Pereira de Oliveira reconnect architectural history with social and industrial accounts as a strategy for understanding the relationship between infrastructure, fishing, and urbanisation by studying the emblematic case of Matosinhos, Portugal. André Tavares seeks to trace the links between fluctuations in the natural cod resources, the technologies used by fishermen to catch and process the fish, and the development of coastal landscapes and the urban form of the fishing port Gafanha da Nazaré, Portugal. And finally, Fatma Tanis uses an interview with architect Daniel Rosbottom from DHDR to provide insight into situated architecture in port cities by addressing a library and concert hall project realised in Bodø, Norway.@en