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M.T. Baroud
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This research evaluates the fabrication of inorganic nickel oxide NiOx as a hole transport layer in inverted perovskite solar cells using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). Inorganic hole transport layers are desired for their long term stability and degradation resistance. Systematic optimization established a self-limiting growth rate of 0.0457 nm per cycle using a 3.0 s nickel precursor pulse and a 0.2 s H2O co-reactant pulse for the ALD system. The resulting NiOx films exhibited highly conformal growth on bare silicon and indium tin oxide substrates with less than a nanometer of roughness and sample-to-sample uniformity, maintaining over 90% visible transparency and a stable optical band gap of approximately 3.84 eV.
Post-deposition annealing in ambient air and nitrogen at 300°C for 15 minutes increased the relative fraction of Ni3+ surface states and lowered the absolute work function to an operative range of 4.35 to 4.55 eV, whereas ozone treatments proved detrimental by forming surface hydroxides. When integrated into photovoltaic devices, a 7.5 nm air-annealed NiOx layer emerged as the optimum configuration compared to thinner 5 nm and thicker 10 nm samples, yielding a peak power conversion efficiency 3.90\%, alongside a Voc of 0.874 V and a Jsc of 12.33 mAcm-2 Ultimately, this performance lagged behind the efficiency of organic PTAA which by comparison achieved a power conversion efficiency of 8.99%, a Voc of 0.992 V, a Jsc of 16.84mAcm-2, and a fill factor of 53.82% reference cells. This is due to significant interfacial charge extraction barriers that caused S-shaped current-voltage deformations. This study shows that further research is needed to better characterize the interactions/reactions between the NiOx and the perovskite layer. ...
Post-deposition annealing in ambient air and nitrogen at 300°C for 15 minutes increased the relative fraction of Ni3+ surface states and lowered the absolute work function to an operative range of 4.35 to 4.55 eV, whereas ozone treatments proved detrimental by forming surface hydroxides. When integrated into photovoltaic devices, a 7.5 nm air-annealed NiOx layer emerged as the optimum configuration compared to thinner 5 nm and thicker 10 nm samples, yielding a peak power conversion efficiency 3.90\%, alongside a Voc of 0.874 V and a Jsc of 12.33 mAcm-2 Ultimately, this performance lagged behind the efficiency of organic PTAA which by comparison achieved a power conversion efficiency of 8.99%, a Voc of 0.992 V, a Jsc of 16.84mAcm-2, and a fill factor of 53.82% reference cells. This is due to significant interfacial charge extraction barriers that caused S-shaped current-voltage deformations. This study shows that further research is needed to better characterize the interactions/reactions between the NiOx and the perovskite layer. ...
This research evaluates the fabrication of inorganic nickel oxide NiOx as a hole transport layer in inverted perovskite solar cells using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). Inorganic hole transport layers are desired for their long term stability and degradation resistance. Systematic optimization established a self-limiting growth rate of 0.0457 nm per cycle using a 3.0 s nickel precursor pulse and a 0.2 s H2O co-reactant pulse for the ALD system. The resulting NiOx films exhibited highly conformal growth on bare silicon and indium tin oxide substrates with less than a nanometer of roughness and sample-to-sample uniformity, maintaining over 90% visible transparency and a stable optical band gap of approximately 3.84 eV.
Post-deposition annealing in ambient air and nitrogen at 300°C for 15 minutes increased the relative fraction of Ni3+ surface states and lowered the absolute work function to an operative range of 4.35 to 4.55 eV, whereas ozone treatments proved detrimental by forming surface hydroxides. When integrated into photovoltaic devices, a 7.5 nm air-annealed NiOx layer emerged as the optimum configuration compared to thinner 5 nm and thicker 10 nm samples, yielding a peak power conversion efficiency 3.90\%, alongside a Voc of 0.874 V and a Jsc of 12.33 mAcm-2 Ultimately, this performance lagged behind the efficiency of organic PTAA which by comparison achieved a power conversion efficiency of 8.99%, a Voc of 0.992 V, a Jsc of 16.84mAcm-2, and a fill factor of 53.82% reference cells. This is due to significant interfacial charge extraction barriers that caused S-shaped current-voltage deformations. This study shows that further research is needed to better characterize the interactions/reactions between the NiOx and the perovskite layer.
Post-deposition annealing in ambient air and nitrogen at 300°C for 15 minutes increased the relative fraction of Ni3+ surface states and lowered the absolute work function to an operative range of 4.35 to 4.55 eV, whereas ozone treatments proved detrimental by forming surface hydroxides. When integrated into photovoltaic devices, a 7.5 nm air-annealed NiOx layer emerged as the optimum configuration compared to thinner 5 nm and thicker 10 nm samples, yielding a peak power conversion efficiency 3.90\%, alongside a Voc of 0.874 V and a Jsc of 12.33 mAcm-2 Ultimately, this performance lagged behind the efficiency of organic PTAA which by comparison achieved a power conversion efficiency of 8.99%, a Voc of 0.992 V, a Jsc of 16.84mAcm-2, and a fill factor of 53.82% reference cells. This is due to significant interfacial charge extraction barriers that caused S-shaped current-voltage deformations. This study shows that further research is needed to better characterize the interactions/reactions between the NiOx and the perovskite layer.
Bachelor thesis
(2023)
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G.W. Mulder, K.N. Hernández Salvador, M.T. Baroud, P.J. French, K. Rassels, I. Ercan, T.M. Lopes Marta da Costa
This thesis report, one of a set of two reports, describes a novel way to detect incidents that could occur in the daily life of the elderly. Unlike most systems already implemented in this field, this system does not use any wearable (positioning) sensors and works off an Single Board Computer (SBC).Independent of both of these systems is a system for reassurance to alleviate distress.
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This thesis report, one of a set of two reports, describes a novel way to detect incidents that could occur in the daily life of the elderly. Unlike most systems already implemented in this field, this system does not use any wearable (positioning) sensors and works off an Single Board Computer (SBC).Independent of both of these systems is a system for reassurance to alleviate distress.