Purpose
The coworking spatial model has evolved from predominantly metropolitan settings to include more nuanced, fewer core sites in recent years. CSs have emerged in peripheral areas that enjoy privileges in terms of housing and office markets. However, there is still limited insight into the location factors driving the popularity of CSs in peripheral areas. Hence, the study aims to investigate location determinants of coworking spaces in peripheral areas with emphasis on the significance of living conditions, real market characteristics and tourism development.

Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, an urban hierarchy perspective is applied to statistically test the potential demographic, economic, infrastructural, tourism-related and real estate market factors influencing the presence of coworking spaces (CSs).

Findings
The results reveal that areas with CSs demonstrate higher housing prices, a higher influx of tourists and lower living area per inhabitant. The authors argue that CSs are attracted by a vibrant tourism sector and housing market and vice versa. Moreover, it is argued that the location factors for rural CSs partly differ from urban CSs.

Originality/value
The research has practical implications for the location decisions of corporates and operators and enhances theoretical understanding of CSs in non-urban areas and their location patterns.

Purpose
This study aims to enrich our understanding of the characteristics of non-urban coworking spaces (CSs) that focus on corporate users, as well as the benefits that companies expect to gain from incorporating those CSs into their corporate real estate (CRE) portfolios.

Design/methodology/approach
This study leverages a series of in-depth interviews with owners and managers of CSs in non-urban locales that focus on serving corporate clients.

Findings
The research reveals various CS characteristics and forms within non-urban areas, focusing on corporate clients. It suggests that implementing a CS in corporate premises is perceived to enhance CRE use-value strategies with a focus on the employee's well-being, innovation and the attraction of talents. Moreover, exchange-value strategies with a focus on portfolio flexibility may benefit from the implementation of a CS. However, strategies related to life-cycle cost optimization or gains are not perceived to be supported. Social events for the surrounding neighborhood and the choice of location emerge as critical success factors for non-urban CSs. Besides infrastructure and connectivity, non-urban corporate-centric CSs built their location decisions rather on a personal connection to the location and place of residence of potential users than on lower rental prices.

Originality/value
This research pioneers in providing a comprehensive understanding of non-urban CSs, particularly in the context of their perceived implications for corporate real estate management. The nuanced perspectives it offers are invaluable for stakeholders looking to leverage CSs as part of their corporate strategies.

Purpose: This study aims to explore the manifold implications – health, environmental and economic – of integrating coworking spaces (CSs) into residential settings. The research emphasizes the health-related potential and connected benefits of situating these contemporary spaces of work in retrofitted buildings. Design/methodology/approach: The research highlights the potential of retrofitted buildings – owing to their urban locations, existing infrastructure, and available space – to accommodate CSs. Employing the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) methodology, the paper systematically reviews literature from 2010 to 2021. It investigates the influence of residential CSs on health, community cohesion and environmental sustainability. Findings: The results indicate that integrating CSs within residential areas can significantly enhance user wellbeing, create a healthier residential environment and positively impact the broader community. Retrofitted buildings emerge as optimal venues for CSs due to their urban positioning and potential to contribute to users' physical, mental and social health. However, the strategic (re)use of retrofitted buildings is crucial, alongside planning to address potential downsides like gentrification. Research limitations/implications: The study is based on a literature review and may not fully capture the specificities of certain regional or local conditions that could affect the health benefits associated with CSs. In addition to that, the study primarily references European-centric research between 2010 and 2021, indicating a need for more diverse geographic and cultural studies. Further empirical studies are needed to validate the findings behind the following study. Practical implications: The findings of this study can guide urban planners, policymakers and architects in assessing the feasibility of converting residential buildings into CSs and planning relevant activities. They can leverage the potential health benefits to promote CSs and encourage healthier lifestyle practices in residential communities. Social implications: Introducing CSs in residential areas can lead to reduced commuting stress, opportunities for physical activities and social interactions, and healthier lifestyle practices. These benefits can enhance the overall well-being of individuals and communities, fostering a stronger social fabric in urban settings. Originality/value: This research is novel in examining the health benefits associated with CSs in residential areas and the role of retrofitted buildings in promoting such advantages.

The global COVID-19 pandemic fostered the relocation of remote workers and freelancers from metropolitan to non-urban areas. During the first waves of the pandemic, regional migration flows affected the local demand for flexible working spaces in non-urban regions and attracted the interest of the local stakeholders. As a result, a growing number of coworking spaces (CSs) were established in non-urban areas. Yet the scientific discussion on what determines the location of non-urban CSs remains fragmented and has not been analyzed systematically. This chapter presents a systematic literature review (PRISMA) of recent evidence (2010–2022 publication period) on the topic of location factors of CSs in non-urban (rural) areas, and it outlines the main characteristics of CSs’ locations. Analysis is performed on the macro, meso, and micro spatial scales and, in addition, the COVID-19 factor is taken into account. The results of our study indicate that since 2010, the most frequently and continuously analyzed location factors have been those at the regional (meso) level. Secondly, the micro and macro levels of analysis have increasingly gained scientific interest since 2020 but have remained under-researched. Finally, our results show a gradually increasing frequency of occurrences of the COVID-19 factor, which since 2021 has been the most discussed location factor.

Coworking spaces (CSs) have become increasingly popular as a mode and place of work, particularly in urban areas and among digital nomads. However, these spaces are also expanding in remote and attractive locations. Despite this trend, little is known about how tourism can influence the emergence of CSs. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the accommodation industry (hotels and other short-term and medium-term lodging options) and the presence of CSs in peripheral districts of Germany. By analysing both panel and longitudinal data at the district level, we found that the impact of the accommodation industry on the emergence of CSs was moderate. Using a design-thinking perspective and the breakthrough model, the study demonstrated that concepts related to work and leisure have broad applications for hotels, CSs in peripheral areas, and regional policymakers. Therefore, these stakeholders should consider making changes to their business strategies to adapt to structural changes and take advantage of the growing market potential for a resilient business.

Background and aim – The onward march of globalization led to a growing interest in understanding the interplay between cultural values and workspace perceptions. This research endeavors to elucidate how cultural differences between Germany and Turkey shape workspace perceptions of knowledge workers. The overarching objective was to understand how these cultural values are perceived to influence the working environment in both nations.

Methods / Methodology – A comparative survey analysis was executed among office workers in Germany and Turkey, probing into their workspace design preferences and their sense of well-being at work. Responses were contextualized with established cultural dimensions, particularly individualism vs. collectivism and uncertainty avoidance.

Results – The analysis pointed towards evolving workplace dynamics, with teleworking gaining traction in both countries. Intriguingly, there existed a discrepancy between cultural values and workspace preferences. Despite Germany's common portrayal as individualistic, there was a subdued preference for individual offices when contrasted with Turkey, often classified as collectivist. Additionally, the cultural dimension of uncertainty avoidance played a significant role in influencing working time preferences.

Originality – This investigation delves into a relatively uncharted territory, questioning conventional beliefs about cultural dimensions and their sway over workspace preferences. The outcomes, especially concerning Germany and Turkey, offer counterintuitive insights.

Practical or social implications – By discerning these intricate preferences, international corporations stand to benefit in crafting culturally attuned workspaces. This can foster a sense of well-being and possibly augment productivity. Moreover, it nudges us to re-examine cultural dynamics beyond the standard frameworks.

Coworking Spaces first appeared in large metropolitan cities, with a concentration of urban amenities and proximity to high-skilled workers, business hubs and public transportation. The coworking concept is still evolving, considering spatial changes, new governance structures and proliferation from urban to remote, peripheral and rural areas. This development goes along with the pressure of land and building prices in the core of EU metropolitan areas, CSs are pushed outside the central business districts towards peripheral neighbourhoods or to deprived inner-city areas with affordable rents. Recently peripheral areas started to attract a growing number of coworking spaces in various European countries. There are different pull factors behind the emergence of CSs in these areas. While other researchers recognize the benefit of the low rent prices in rural real estate markets and associate the establishment of coworking with availability of affordable renting. It is becoming acknowledged that the factors behind the emergence of CSs in peripheral areas are miscellaneous. However, it is recognised that this relation is weak and ambivalent. By arguing that location factors of housing and CSs are similar but not the same, we open up the real estate perspective and follow a broader view on the success factors of coworking spaces. Based on the desk research, the authors constructed their own database of CSs in Germany and the UK. The authors gathered data on the residential prices and rents on a district level. To identfy real market differences between districts with and without CSs, the authors applied statistical analysis for independent samples. The research shows that periperheral locations are attracting CSs to significant extent and that CSs are attracted by different determinants. The authors argue that the role of CSs in rather limitited in attracting real estate investors and boosting the real estate market in periphereal areas. The focus of this study (CSs in peripheral areas) and the comparitative approach is original. Additionally, applying the housing prices to study the location of CSs is novel as well.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been hit the whole German society and with that the way of working as well as the trend of coworking, as it happened similarly in other western societies. With information about governmental measurements, the world of work, mobility and transportation, people’s behavior, companies’ strategies, the real estate market, and changes in new working spaces from different sources this article creates a narration of immediate impacts, medium-term and long-run effects. Finally, this article aims to draw potential coming changes and further trends for coworking spaces.

Purpose: The literature on coworking spaces (CSs) is growing fast; notably, this topic has attracted a wide range of contributions from various disciplines during the past years. Although CSs first appeared in major cities, small towns and rural areas are also becoming attractive. To date, no literature review has systematically studied the effects of such collaborative-flexible new working spaces proliferating in non-urban areas. Therefore, this paper aims to present a systematic literature review about the effects of coworking spaces located in peripheral and rural areas. Design/methodology/approach: The methodological approach is based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, also known as PRISMA. Following the PRISMA checklist items, this study provides different aspects and identifies indicators from various cross-studies published in 10 years (2011–2021). Findings: Results show that, in the past decade, Europe has recorded the highest number of publications on the topic of coworking spaces (CSs); the main research focus was on spatial planning. CSs foster communities of specialized and high-skilled workers, attract businesses and venture capitalists and may accelerate urban revitalisation processes. The regeneration of spaces can positively affect the value of commercial properties in the vicinity and attract developers. Moreover, by establishing communities and networks beyond the working life, coworking was found to reduce depopulation and even foster the influx of non-urban areas. Practical implications: The findings of this study can be transferred to policymakers to be considered in designing tailored policies in non-urban areas and also places-that-don't matter. Originality/value: By date, this study is the first attempt to conduct a systematic review of the literature on the effects of coworking spaces in peripheral and rural areas. This is important since this typology of flexible-collaborative working space is gaining public attention, especially during the pandemic and the development of such spaces in non-urban areas.

Purpose
The study was designed to investigate the bidirectional causation between the real estate market characteristics (residential property prices/rents (including PTR), office rents) and the rise of coworking spaces (CSs) in the peripheral areas of Germany.

Design/methodology/approach
Based on the desk research, the authors constructed their own database of 1,201 CSs. The authors gathered data on the residential and office prices and rents on a district level. To identify real market differences between districts with and without CSs, the authors applied the t-test for independent samples.

Findings
The second-highest number of CSs were found to operate in the office market peripheries. This phenomenon should be explained by a search for lower office rents, which CSs seek. Most CSs in the peripheral areas of Germany were only recently established in tourist-oriented regions in the south and north of Germany. In this paper, the authors confirmed that the strength of peripheral CSs lies in the hybridity of their operations: for the majority of CSs, running a CS is a non-core business. The authors argue that the role of CSs is rather limited in attracting real estate investors and boosting the real estate market in the peripheral areas of Germany.

Practical implications
The research shows that peripheral locations are attracting CSs to significant extent. The study shows that CSs can be part of corporate real estate or workplace strategies. As the majority of peripheral CSs are located in tourism areas, the subletting of vacant spaces could be a lucrative business model for hotels, particularly in the times of pandemics. Therefore, further research should focus on the role of tourist areas in the implementation of CSs model.

Originality/value
The focus of this study (CSs in peripheral areas) is original. Additionally, applying the real estate perspective to study the location of CSs is novel as well.

Coworking is a labour method based on sharing a working environment, typically an office, with other people, but in which workers' activities are carried out individually or in small groups. Coworking spaces (CSs) differ from traditional offices because the workers do not necessarily belong to the same company or working field. The spread of CSs has increased over the last decade with the rise of freelancers, digital nomads, itinerant workers, and commuters. This activity, which is strongly driven by a spirit of sociability, independence, shared values, and synergy, tends to increasingly break away from the typical working districts of the city. CSs become satellite stations that grow in less predisposed areas of the city, such as industrial districts, rural areas, and residential zones. Hence, a literature review is elaborated to identify the current state of science and technology regarding the implementation of CSs in residential areas. Further possible effects of CSs on the residential area or region are deducted by a qualitative analysis of the identified literature. Findings show on the one hand correlations between the implementation of a CS and socio-cultural factors such as the well-being of the residents. On the other hand, economic effects on the region can be identified, as the potential of start-ups is growing, the commuting would be reduced and therefore residents would stay for a longer period in the direct neighbourhood and consume more goods there. The line of discussion is focused on the possibility of the implementation of CSs in existing residential buildings and the effects on the residential area or region.

The number of Coworking Spaces is growing steadily in Germany and went up from 300 in 2018 to 1.268 in May 2020. According to a study by Savills, almost 90% of all hybrid Spaces and ¾ of all Business centers were located in the seven biggest cities of Germany. The recent developments in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic have shown a significantly increasing demand for more flexible and New Working Spaces in peripheral areas.

This work investigates the structures of Coworking Spaces in Germany. Therefore, 1.121 Coworking Spaces were identified through desk research and assigned to 258 congregations with their demographic and economic data to deduct the geographical distribution of Coworking Spaces in Germany apart from the big 7 cities. To identify Coworking Spaces in peripheral areas, the data was evaluated based on statistical data. In terms of a transdisciplinary approach, the cities and congregations of the dataset were assigned regarding predefined city categories of the real estate and urbanism sector and compared with each other.

Results show that the biggest and most relevant cities for the national and international real estate office market are leading the number of Coworking Spaces in Germany. However, smaller big cities with low importance for the real estate sector are also showing a high number and seem to be attractive for Coworking Spaces. Findings indicate that Coworking Spaces are existing in peripheral areas.

The internationalisation in many companies and projects requires a better understanding of working conditions in different cultures to enable an enhanced integration of employees in foreign working environments. Nevertheless, there are boundary conditions in each country, which leads to different workplace strategies and workplace conditions. This will be analysed through the comparison of cultural values, particularly religion, which is one relevant characteristic of cultures across the globe. Therefore, relevant literature and existing legal frameworks in Europe and the United States of America for employee rights protection regarding religious discrimination are examined and appropriate measures for an internationally accepted working approach are deducted. The imprint of cultural values is a very strong frame for employees and their working habits. Especially the working conditions in Western countries are highly influenced by Christian standards. Although there are many clear traditional limitations, most countries can develop their individual and original "open space" experimental fields, which differ substantially from country to country. Therefore, workplace strategies need to be designed according to cultural characteristics and uniform working terms are necessary to create equal working conditions for employees from all cultural backgrounds. The line of discussion is focused on the balance or imbalance between convergence to an internationally accepted and equalised way of working and workplaces to promote the well-being of foreigners in multinational companies.