As cycling gains traction as a sustainable transport mode, enhancing cyclists' safety has become a key priority within European policy. Among the various developments introduced, Advanced Cyclist Assistance Systems (ACAS) stand out as a promising technological innovation. However, research on their perceived value and adoption remains limited, particularly regarding user preferences and demographic differences. Aim: This study aimed to examine European cyclists' evaluation of five ACAS types and their core functional features, as well as to explore demographic differences, particularly in relation to cyclists' gender and age. Method: This study used the data provided by 6167 cyclists (47.4% females; 51.5% males; 1.1% others) from 19 European countries. Participants provided self-reported evaluations of five ACAS types (environmental monitoring, rider visibility enhancement, real-time information, crash prevention-assistance, and post-crash appliances) along with key features (safety contribution, reliability, ease of use, novelty, and everyday need). Results: Among ACAS types, visibility-enhancing systems (designed to increase cyclists' conspicuity) and environmental monitoring technologies received the highest valuations, while real-time information systems were rated the lowest. Safety contribution was the most highly valued attribute across all ACAS features. Additionally, gender differences were observed, with female cyclists prioritizing visibility and safety-related aspects. In contrast, male cyclists –while also favoring visibility-improving ACAS– placed greater emphasis on ease of use as a core feature. Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of user-centered ACAS design and suggest that broader adoption may depend on improving system reliability, regulatory frameworks, and alignment with cyclists' needs and attitudinal factors. Future research should explore real-world ACAS implementation and long-term adoption trends to support safer and more technologically integrated cycling environments.

Cadastral surveying involves the delineation of property boundaries and the extent and documentation of easements and restrictions (imposed by private or public law), forming the foundation for Land Administration (LA). Survey models and processes constitute vital parts of Cadastres and Land Administration Systems (LASs). However, these models are often inadequately documented and lack standardization in practice. To address the global diversity and complexity of legal and administrative challenges in LA, standardization efforts have yielded the ISO 19152:2012 (ISO, 2012) Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), the Global Land Tool Network's (GLTN) Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM), and the OGC LandInfra/InfraGML standard. The current edition of the LADM focuses on standardised conceptual modelling of LA-related information, including a dedicated sub-package for Spatial and Surveying representation. As part of the ongoing LADM revision, a refined survey model is being developed to support a broad range of surveying and data acquisition approaches and levels of accuracy. Recognizing that surveying technology is not bound by national practices and regulations, this paper focuses specifically on the surveying aspect of LADM. It illustrates that the proposed refined survey model is applicable not only to conventional real property formation but also to participatory land rights recordation processes. The approach adopted in this research is technology-neutral, accommodating the ongoing evolution of surveying technology. It offers support for a broad range of surveying and data acquisition approaches, with varying levels of accuracy. As the demand for high-precision positioning has been persistent within the land mapping and surveying community, particularly since the initial adoption of GPS, aiming to achieve centimetre-level accuracies (initially confined to local services), the paper addresses the fundamental principles of the High Accuracy Service (HAS) concept within the proposed model. The main results presented in this paper are the conceptual model of the refined survey model of LADM Edition II (ISO19152–2), as well as an abstract, reference, cadastral surveying workflow following the principles of the proposed model.