As cycling gains traction as a sustainable transport mode, enhancing cyclists' safety has become a key priority within European policy. Among the various developments introduced, Advanced Cyclist Assistance Systems (ACAS) stand out as a promising technological innovation. However, research on their perceived value and adoption remains limited, particularly regarding user preferences and demographic differences. Aim: This study aimed to examine European cyclists' evaluation of five ACAS types and their core functional features, as well as to explore demographic differences, particularly in relation to cyclists' gender and age. Method: This study used the data provided by 6167 cyclists (47.4% females; 51.5% males; 1.1% others) from 19 European countries. Participants provided self-reported evaluations of five ACAS types (environmental monitoring, rider visibility enhancement, real-time information, crash prevention-assistance, and post-crash appliances) along with key features (safety contribution, reliability, ease of use, novelty, and everyday need). Results: Among ACAS types, visibility-enhancing systems (designed to increase cyclists' conspicuity) and environmental monitoring technologies received the highest valuations, while real-time information systems were rated the lowest. Safety contribution was the most highly valued attribute across all ACAS features. Additionally, gender differences were observed, with female cyclists prioritizing visibility and safety-related aspects. In contrast, male cyclists –while also favoring visibility-improving ACAS– placed greater emphasis on ease of use as a core feature. Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of user-centered ACAS design and suggest that broader adoption may depend on improving system reliability, regulatory frameworks, and alignment with cyclists' needs and attitudinal factors. Future research should explore real-world ACAS implementation and long-term adoption trends to support safer and more technologically integrated cycling environments.

Low-altitude aviation accidents can become fatal when pilots have little time or altitude to recover after an abnormal event. Fatal outcomes, however, are rarely explained by altitude alone: they often depend on how human, aircraft, environmental, and operational factors combine within the accident sequence. This study asks whether the structure of these documented factor combinations helps explain injury severity in U.S. low-altitude aviation accidents. The data comprise 11,639 low-altitude accidents with completed Findings investigations, drawn from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Aviation Accident/Incident Data System (AVALL) for 2013–2024; throughout, “Findings” denotes the NTSB’s investigator-coded causal and contributing factors. The method represents Findings as a co-occurrence network that links factor types documented in the same investigation. The global network is constructed from a broader base of 23,847 completed-investigation accidents and is used only to define the co-occurrence structure; it is not the analytical sample. From this network, five accident-level measures describing the breadth and structure of each accident’s documented failure pattern are added to a 43-covariate multinomial logit severity model. The five measures significantly improve model fit (LR(15) = 236.2, p < 10^-6[jls-end-space/]). The strongest fatal-severity associations are found for factor diversity, the number of distinct factor types involved (odds ratio OR = 1.46 per standard deviation, 95 % CI 1.31–1.64), and multi-source spread, the extent to which those factors span broader co-occurrence groups (OR = 1.37, 95 % CI 1.25–1.51). The multi-source-spread association is strong for fixed-wing aircraft (OR = 1.66) but weaker and not statistically significant for helicopters and agricultural Part 137 operations. We interpret these results as evidence that, among completed investigations of conventional low-altitude aviation accidents, fatal outcomes are associated with broader documented failure configurations, whereas some specialized operations may follow narrower, operation-specific fatality pathways. Because Findings are coded after investigation, the framework is a retrospective safety-review tool rather than a real-time warning or causal-prediction method.

AbstractMobility as a Service (MaaS) has emerged as a promising approach to integrating diverse transport modes under a unified digital platform. Yet, if poorly governed, MaaS risks exacerbating inequalities and contributing to transport gentrification. While the literature widely acknowledges the need for public sector involvement to ensure equitable outcomes, there remains limited guidance on how authorities should determine their appropriate level of engagement. This study addresses this gap by developing a decision-support tool to assess and define the role of public transport authorities (PTAs) in MaaS implementation. Drawing on an empirical classification of 74 existing MaaS and “MaaS-like” systems worldwide, the research identifies key institutional, infrastructural, and regulatory factors that shape the extent of public sector involvement. Using the multi-level perspective on socio-technical transitions and metagovernance theory as the conceptual foundation, these insights are operationalised into a flowchart that supports context-specific role definition. The proposed tool provides policymakers with a practical framework to align governance strategies with institutional capacity, thereby fostering equitable and sustainable MaaS development.

The rapid evolution of technology used by drivers has increased the complexity of the driving task and introduced new sources of distraction, necessitating the development of distracted driving legislation that keeps pace with these changes. As such, this study examined drivers' views of a more comprehensive, technology-neutral approach to distracted driving rules, which extends beyond mobile phone use to include portable devices, in-built and mounted systems, and wearable devices. Guided by an extended Value-Belief-Norm theory, a policy acceptance model was developed and validated in assessing public support and acceptability of more comprehensive distracted driving legislation, examining how general and normative beliefs, as well as policy-specific perceptions, influence drivers’ acceptability, and identifying demographic differences in acceptability and its underlying factors. A sample of 494 drivers who reside in Queensland, Australia, participated in an online survey, which included both quantitative and open-ended questions. Findings revealed a relatively strong support for the proposed rules. Structural Equation Modelling identified personal norms, social norms, perceived fairness, and perceived effectiveness as significant predictors of acceptability, with the proposed policy acceptance model explaining 76.6% of the variance in acceptability. Group comparisons revealed that young drivers and males reported lower levels of perceived freedom, while those with greater familiarity with distracted driving reported higher levels of personal norms and problem awareness. Qualitative responses indicated that most participants viewed the proposed rules as more effective than current legislation, especially in addressing emerging technological distractions. However, concerns about enforcement, clarity, and the need for educational efforts were also raised.

Urban transportation in Vietnam, dominated by fossil fuel-powered motorbikes, is causing severe air pollution, contributing to climate change, and posing a threat to public health. In response to these challenges, promoting the transition from traditional motorbikes to electric motorcycles (EMs) is considered a sustainable transportation solution, aligning with the global trend toward green development. However, to expand market share and enhance the acceptance of electric motorcycles, a deeper understanding of consumer perception and behavior is essential. This study aims to develop and test a research model based on the cognitive–affective–conative framework. Data collected from 506 conventional motorbike users in Vietnam were analyzed using the SEM method. The study employs a second-order model, grounded in the cognitive–affective–conative framework, to evaluate the relationship between perceived value and perceived cost with the intention to use electric motorcycles, mediated by the role of anticipated emotions. The findings clarify the role of perceived value and perceived cost in shaping customers' anticipated emotions, which significantly influence their intention to switch to electric motorcycles. These insights not only provide valuable information for manufacturers and policymakers but also contribute to shaping development and marketing strategies for electric motorcycles in the future.

Transport innovations are often described as ‘disruptive’ in public discourse, yet their acceptance varies due to underlying social-psychological factors that influence user decisions, with responses differing across user groups and contexts. Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is one such innovation that has experienced slow adoption, despite its potential benefits, with many initiatives failing to deliver on their promise. This study examines user perceptions and attitudes influencing MaaS adoption, demonstrating that a one-size-fits-all approach is inadequate given the diverse needs and contextual factors shaping user acceptance. We surveyed users in 10 cities across Europe, Latin America, Africa, and Asia, assessing preferences and attitudes toward MaaS and new mobility services. A structural equation model was estimated, followed by a multi-group analysis stratified by the development level of local transport networks. The results indicate that latent constructs such as Performance Expectancy and Social Influence significantly increase the intention to use MaaS, while Commute Satisfaction reduces it. Moreover, the strength and significance of these latent constructs vary with the degree of transport system development. We conclude that MaaS has the greatest potential in cities with lower levels of transport digitalization and integration, where user dissatisfaction creates more space for its acceptance. In contrast, in more developed systems, where transport services are already highly integrated and user satisfaction is higher, the value proposition of MaaS must be more carefully tailored to address specific unmet needs. These findings underscore the importance of flexible, context-sensitive implementation strategies for MaaS, informed by social- psychological drivers, to effectively promote sustainable transport choices.

Objective: Engagement in illegal phone use while driving continues to increase. To obtain a more in depth understanding of the deterrent impact of the current legal countermeasures for this behavior, this study conducted a qualitative investigation from those on the frontline of enforcement: police officers. Method: A total of 26 police officers from Queensland, Australia, completed interviews on how they view the deterrent impact of the current phone use while driving legislation, penalties, and their enforcement, using classical deterrence theory as a framework. Police officers were interviewed during and after changes to the phone use while driving legislation and penalty in their jurisdiction. A reflexive thematic analysis was conducted to analyze the data and themes were created based on the constructs within classical deterrence theory: certainty of apprehension, severity of punishment, and swiftness of punishment. Results: The findings demonstrate the factors that contribute to both strengthening and weakening the legal deterrent effect for phone use while driving from a police perspective and have important theoretical and practical implications. For example, it is suggested that phone use while driving legislation that does not differentiate the types of phone behavior can make enforcement of this offense easier, yet a higher penalty may result in drivers concealing their phones more.

The integration of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) into everyday mobility systems raises profound ethical and societal challenges, particularly concerning safety, justice, and the treatment of vulnerable road users (VRUs). This study examines Australian public perceptions of the fairness, safety, and legitimacy of CAV deployment, investigating how exposure to information related to ethics and justice influences acceptance and evaluative perceptions related to trust (including perceived safety, fairness, and institutional confidence). An online survey of 384 respondents (aged 18–82) employed a before-and-after design, in which respondents evaluated CAVs before and after engaging with an infographic outlining key justice and safety dilemmas. Awareness of CAVs was widespread (95.3%), primarily shaped by media narratives rather than direct experience. Whilst over half of respondents expressed optimism about the potential of CAVs to improve safety and fairness, substantial proportions raised concerns about equity, transparency, and procedural justice. Following exposure to the infographic, positive perceptions declined slightly but not significantly, suggesting that attitudes are shaped by deeper moral and institutional expectations rather than informational effects. Open-ended responses revealed recurring anxieties about affordability, infrastructure readiness, technological reliability, and governance accountability, alongside ethical concerns related to VRU prioritisation, liability, privacy, and algorithmic decision-making in critical situations. These findings highlight a cautious public stance towards automation, one that accepts its promise but questions its fairness, underscoring the need for reflexive, transparent, and participatory governance frameworks to ensure that AI-driven mobility evolves in alignment with societal values and distributive justice.

Safety-critical technologies frequently persist for decades, outliving their original design assumptions, organisational arrangements, and regulatory contexts. Yet ethical and safety scholarship remains predominantly oriented toward early lifecycle phases, emphasising design assurance, deployment decisions, and prevention, while offering limited conceptual resources for understanding responsibility once systems are already in operation, ageing, and increasingly difficult to modify or withdraw. This paper develops a conceptual account of ethical care after deployment, referring to forms of responsibility that persist once safety–critical technologies become operationally embedded and remain in use while practical steerability, authority, epistemic certainty, and exit options gradually erode. The animated film Angel’s Egg (Oshii, 1985) is used as a heuristic device—not as empirical evidence or film analysis—to surface ethical tensions associated with sustaining fragile systems over time. On this basis, the paper proposes a preliminary conceptual framework for examining ethical conditions that remain weakly captured by prevailing safety concepts. The resulting CARE-TECH framework identifies six interrelated tensions: care without repair, responsibility without authority, care under epistemic uncertainty, fragility without exit, inherited burden, and irreversibility of ethical failure. The framework further clarifies how these tensions cluster as limits of agency and temporal–epistemic burdens, sustained by structural conditions of persistence and shaped by an ethical horizon of irreversibility. The contribution is intentionally conceptual, offering a vocabulary to recognise and analyse the accumulation and distribution of ethical burden across the operational life of safety–critical technologies, and outlining directions for empirical engagement in domains where long-lived systems must be sustained under constraint.

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) promise to enhance road safety, reduce driver workload, and improve driving comfort. However, their real-world impact is shaped by how drivers adapt their behaviour over time. This study explores the behavioural adaptations associated with the use of ADAS through qualitative analysis of interviews with sixty drivers in Australia. As a result, four interrelated themes emerge: 1. Degradation of driving skills , 2. Shifting risk perception and tolerance with ADAS , 3. Reduced cognitive and physical engagement in driving tasks , and 4. Adaptation to system warnings . While ADAS can support safer driving, the findings reveal that over-reliance and complacency are common, potentially undermining the intended safety benefits. We argue that these behavioural adaptations form a dynamic process shaped by trust, perceived system capabilities, and user habits. To address this, integrated strategies that combine adaptive interface design, regulatory oversight, driver training, and real-time monitoring are needed to sustain safety and user competence. This study contributes insights into the emerging behavioural consequences of ADAS adoption in everyday contexts.

While the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) International’s classification system (J3016) has provided a framework for categorising sustained driving automation systems, concerns have arisen about its clarity and ability to incorporate emerging technologies . Therefore, this study explores how various stakeholders, including end users, vehicle manufacturers, and policymakers, use the driving automation taxonomy. The results show that driving automation taxonomy is communicated through media, incorporated into vehicle purchasing decisions for users, and utilised for external and internal communication by vehicle manufacturers and policymakers. The discussion highlights that utilising specialised terminology in automation enhances communication efficiency. However, there is also a discrepancy between the SAE J3016, which is today’s prevalent taxonomy, and their audience in terms of both (1) clarity provided by the taxonomy vs. understanding of the stakeholders and (2) topics addressed by the taxonomy vs. needs of the stakeholders. The study also highlights that, while SAE J3016 is being criticised, proposing a clearly better taxonomy is far from straightforward. However, we underscore the importance of revising and updating the current taxonomy to align with stakeholder needs and technological advancements. By enhancing the clarity and relevance of the driving automation taxonomy, stakeholders can make more informed decisions, fostering innovation and improving communication across the industry.

Distracted driving remains a significant road safety concern. To address the issue, it is important to understand drivers' perceptions of distractions and the related road rules. Accordingly, this study has three objectives. The first was to investigate drivers' beliefs and behaviours regarding distracted driving by expanding the Susceptibility to Distracted Driving Questionnaire. The second was to explore drivers' perceptions of current distracted driving rules by using the extended Value-Belief-Norm Theory and open-ended questions and to examine how beliefs and behaviours about distractions shape their views on road rules. The third was to assess the extent to which drivers perceive a need for broader distracted driving legislation and how their perceptions of current road rules contribute to this perceived need. Data were collected from 494 participants (aged 17 to 83 years), residing in Queensland, Australia, through an online questionnaire. Findings indicated a moderate level of engagement with both technological and non-technological distractions, with no significant difference observed between their levels of engagement. However, participants reported more favourable attitudes and a higher sense of control over technology-related distractions than non-technological distractions. Results also showed that while distracted driving rules were seen as fair and allowing freedom while driving, they were viewed as moderately effective and somewhat complex. Further, most participants supported the need for improved distracted driving rules, with lower perceived effectiveness and higher complexity of current rules linked to greater support. Results indicated that higher engagement with non-technological distractions was negatively associated with perceived effectiveness of rules, while greater risk compensation was linked to lower perceived fairness, and higher perceived control over distractions was significantly associated with lower perceived freedom.

The expansion of the gig economy has led to a growing number of urban workers engaged in app-based food delivery. This sector, often seen as flexible, conceals complex occupational, legal, and psychosocial risks. Recent evidence suggests that delivery riders’ safety is shaped not only by infrastructure or individual behavior, but also by precarious work conditions, limited legal protections, and forms of social exclusion that remain largely unaddressed. Aim This qualitative study examined how safety, identity, and equity are experienced and negotiated in app-based bicycle delivery in Spain, with attention to algorithmic timing, organizational rules, and street-level conditions. Methods Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with food delivery riders (mostly migrant men) in urban areas of Spain. A reflexive thematic analysis (inductive) was applied, with attention to patterns, contrasts across cases, and speech insights suggesting broader socio-labor dynamics. Results Three core themes were identified: (1) persistent exposure to traffic and environmental hazards, often aggravated by digital pressures and limited enforcement of safety regulations; (2) a fragmented social identity, with riders feeling excluded from both formal labor structures and mainstream cycling culture; and (3) strong perceptions of systemic inequity, including legal precarity, economic fragility, and marginalization in public and policy narratives, which may influence how riders manage risk in practice (e.g., rule compliance, incident reporting) and, in turn, safety outcomes. Conclusion The findings highlight the vulnerabilities of bicycle food delivery riders and suggest the need to rethink how safety, labor protections, and urban inclusion are framed and implemented in this sector.

This study investigates the application of procedural justice principles to police and AI-based camera enforcement of mobile phone use while driving. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, two studies were conducted: qualitative interviews with 26 police officers and a quantitative survey of 292 drivers. The interviews explored officers' perceptions of fairness, respect, trustworthy motives, and voice during enforcement interactions, and compared this with their understanding of AI-Based enforcement. The survey compared drivers' perceptions of these procedural justice dimensions across police and camera enforcement. The interview results provided a unique perspective on how the procedural justice principles could be applied to experiences of police enforcement of phone use while driving, and also qualitatively compared police and camera enforcement for this offence. The survey results indicate that among drivers, police enforcement is perceived as significantly more procedurally just, particularly regarding listening, respect, and politeness, with effect sizes ranging from small to moderate. These findings suggest that the human element in police interactions plays a critical role in fostering public trust and perceived legitimacy, which may not be replicated by automated camera systems. The study highlights the need for careful consideration of procedural justice principles in the implementation of technological enforcement methods to ensure they complement, rather than undermine, established justice practices.

Pilot murder-suicides represent a critical and under-addressed challenge at the intersection of human factors, safety management, and intelligent transportation systems. Recent high-profile incidents–such as Mozambique Airlines Flight 470 (2013), Germanwings Flight 9525 (2015), China Eastern Airlines Flight 5735 (2022), and preliminary discussions around Air India Flight 171 (2025)–have underscored the urgent need for evidence-based prevention strategies that align with the evolving landscape of smart and automated aviation. While substantial primary research exists, the field lacks a comprehensive, policy-oriented synthesis that bridges psychological, operational, and technological dimensions. To address this gap, we consolidate the extant literature and introduce the PREVENT framework, a multidimensional, data-driven approach to mitigating pilot murder-suicide risks. The framework spans seven prevention domains, offering actionable insights for integrating mental health support, real-time risk monitoring, and human-centered design into next-generation aviation systems. By synthesizing empirical evidence and case studies, this review provides a roadmap for policymakers, transport authorities, and industry practitioners to enhance safety in intelligent aviation environments. We identify conceptual and empirical gaps to guide future research, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration between behavioral science, engineering, and public policy to ensure safe, resilient, and human-focused smart transportation systems.

Speeding has been identified as one of the most common risk factors for the occurrence and severity of traffic accidents. One of the most economical and widespread strategies for speed management is the installation of Speed Cameras (SC). In light of the growing body of evidence in this field and the need for a coherent synthesis of research findings, challenges and gaps, this paper provides a systematic review and an integrated overview of the current state of knowledge on the topic. Five electronic databases (SCOPUS, Web of Science, PubMED, TRID and PROQuest) were used to identify relevant studies. Records were identified, screened, and assessed using a structured multi-stage review process consistent with established systematic review procedures. The included studies reported investigations related to the SC impact on driving speed. A systematic classification scheme was adapted to summarize the study's characteristics. Ninety-four studies were identified. As a result, issues in the study objects, methods and procedures of SC evaluation and impact on vehicle speed assessment were discussed. In particular, due to the complex road environment, other factors also impact driving speed patterns. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the impact of SC on speeds has been assessed by four methods: self-reported questionnaires and location, time, and cross-sectional speed analysis. Complementary research on the following themes would provide interesting insights on SC related studies: understanding how other urban environment factors can influence SC effectiveness; settlement of compliance distance, continuous speed measuring methods associated with time and location speed analysis, and evaluation of the impact of road type, speed limit, and geometry.