This research focuses on the renovation and densification of post-war neighborhoods, often characterized by a monoculture in both housing and green spaces. These areas lack variation and connectivity, which not only limits biodiversity but also reduces the quality of life for residents. The main research question is: Which regenerative design principles for the renovation and densification of a post-war
building contribute to the densification of biodiversity within the ecologies of the urban fabric? he aim is to demonstrate that urban densification does not have to come at the expense of biodiversity but instead offers opportunities for synergy. To answer this question, methods such as literature review, case studies, and ecological analyses were employed. By studying urban biotopes and the dynamics between humans and nature, design principles were developed to integrate biodiversity into existing urban structures. Key guidelines include location-specific design, introducing more variation and strengthening connections, or disconnections. The research shows that cities are not inherently detrimental to biodiversity but possess their own ecology where flora and fauna adapt. By applying regenerative principles, cities can be transformed into living environments that support both human well-being and biodiversity. A focus on natural habitats, such as nesting opportunities for birds and bats, makes buildings an integral part of the ecosystem. The conclusion is that urban densification offers an opportunity to combine biodiversity with human needs, provided that flora and fauna are included as key actors from the start of the design process. This research highlights the importance of regenerative designs that redefine cities as dynamic ecosystems. Recommendations include developing methods to measure biodiversity in urban projects and involving ecologists and residents in the design process. This research provides valuable insights for architects, urban planners, and policymakers striving for sustainable and biodiverse urban development.

The housing crisis in the Netherlands has been a growing concern, resulting in public outcry. This crisis stems from long-term political preferences for market-regulated housing, resulting in rising prices, increased rents, long social housing waitlists, and foreign investment-driven property purchases. The dissolution of the Ministry of Housing in 2010 and subsequent decentralization of responsibilities further worsened the situation. However, the ministry’s reinstatement in 2022 underscores the urgency to address this crisis.
A primary issue is the quantitative shortage of homes, with the government aiming to build 900,000 houses by 2030 to accommodate population growth and changing household structures. However, land scarcity, particularly in densely populated areas like the Randstad, complicates this goal. Thus, densifying existing urban areas emerges as a possible solution.
Post-war neighborhoods, present significant potential for densification. These areas, housing around 710.000 people, face socio-economic challenges, including the concentration of vulnerable demographics, increased perceived loneliness, feelings of unsafety, and social alienation. Addressing these issues requires strategies that combine physical redevelopment with initiatives to increase social cohesion.
This research explores the potential of housing cooperatives to both densify and enhance social cohesion in post-war neighborhoods, using Westwijk in Vlaardingen as a case study. The investigation covers historical design principles of post-war neighborhoods, changes over time, and the principles behind housing cooperatives. Housing cooperatives, characterized by their non-speculative nature, focus on diversity, sustainability, and long-term resident care, offering a promising alternative to traditional housing models.
Switzerland, known for a large percentage of the houses being owned by housing cooperatives, provides two interesting case studies that are examend as a case study. The Kalkbreite building in Zürich, and Warmbächli in Bern. The case studies reveal several design principles that enhance both individual and communal living quality. These projects display transparency and community engagement, providing valuable insights for similar initiatives. While the design principles identified are not exclusive to cooperative housing, their integration with a democratic and active organizational structure creates a unique quality.
In conclusion, housing cooperatives present a viable solution to the housing crisis by facilitating densification and fostering collective living. The findings from this research offer a framework for incorporating cooperative housing models into post-war neighborhoods, potentially revitalizing areas like Westwijk by addressing both quantitative and qualitative housing needs. This approach not only increases housing availability but also enhances social cohesion and liveability, aligning with the broader goals of sustainable urban development.

In the context of the current housing shortage, climate challenges, and the growing need to live in harmony with nature again, this design research focuses on improving the post-war neighbourhood of Groot-IJsselmonde in Rotterdam-Zuid. It focuses on different scale levels: the neighbourhood, the building, and the home, using the Biophilic Design concept as a guide. The monotonous, post-war voids have given way to a lively, diverse residential landscape that acts as a connector. The densification and transformation strategies are carefully designed to promote encounters: between old and new, between people and the natural environment, and between people.

During my research, I discovered that the key to social and ecological harmony lies in the connections between the different scale levels—connections that are currently missing in Groot-IJsselmonde. By developing corridors and natural routes, integrating welcoming gardens and lively places of encounter, and creating a diverse mix of households, I was able to add important connecting elements. The overall result is reinforcing the neighbourhood's natural character and qualities: a lively, inclusive and sustainable living environment that enables social and natural harmony.