This paper presents in detail the legislation and regulation related to the use and ownership of building complexes with multiple units (apartments, condominiums) in Saudi Arabia for the 3D registration of the legal spaces. The 3D Land Administration Domain Model (LADM)country profile for Saudi Arabia must be able to represent the identified concepts for multi-owner buildings. Today, there is a trend to directly design these buildings in 3D. Within the spatial development lifecycle thinking, this design will be reused via Building Information Modelling (BIM)/ Industry Foundation Class (IFC) encodings in the subsequent phases, such as, obtaining permits, financing, constructing, etc. However, in order to support the next step, the cadastral registration, we present, at this paper, a mapping from the BIM/IFC to the LADM, both at conceptual modelling and at the level of the individual units with their geometry and topology. This mapping requires that the BIM/IFC file contains sufficient information to identify the different spaces being part of a property. Three different main type of spaces are identified: private part, common part, and exclusive common part. A single property may contain multiple disconnected components, such as the main apartment, the storage in the basement, and a car park. In turn, a component, such as the main apartment, may contain multiple connected spaces, i.e. the various rooms of the main apartment. In addition to mapping the concepts at class level from IFC to LADM, we also extract rules for treating the spaces of various types of walls, slabs, roofs, and constructive elements, such as foundation and pillars. The presented approach is tested with a real-world example IFC file, identifying the issues to be improved, i.e. guidelines for the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) sector to produce IFC file which can be more easy used as input for 3D Land Administration with minimal manual interventions. This research bridges the gap between the project-oriented world of the AEC sector (with BIM/IFC files) and the legal registration as described through the ISO 19152. Though many of the presented findings are based on the legislation and case study in Saudi Arabia, we have the rather strong impression, that these findings will not be very different in other countries.@en

Building Information Modeling (BIM) represents a new technology which supports the creation and management of a construction project for buildings. The most well-known open BIM standard, the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), provides the detailed 3D geometry and rich spatial semantics. It has drawn growing attention of researchers working in geographical information science (GIS). In many related applications, indoor navigation greatly benefits from IFC since it requires the information about building interiors. IFC provides the semantics and geometry of building, and topological relationships of building elements can be readily derived. These three types of information are extensively used in the research on indoor navigation. In this paper we review the current approaches, applications and solutions developed for different aspects of indoor navigation, and summarize the latest status about the use of IFC-based BIM for indoor navigation. In the literature regarding both IFC and indoor navigation, a total of 87 related papers are identified and categorized. 30 papers relate to the generation of indoor navigation models; 20 papers are about model conversion and data modeling on the basis of the IFC schema; 13 papers refer to IFC applications with dynamic environments; 14 papers focus on the support of IFC to indoor localization; and the other papers involve various topics such as visualization and network queries based on IFC. We find that the most active research direction is to generate navigation models from IFC data, yet there is no robust automation method of the generation. By discussing the pros and cons of the current applications, this paper suggests three new directions for further research on the IFC supports to indoor navigation. That is, researchers can further investigate the vertical dimension of the 3D geometry in IFC, facilitate the transformation from IFC to standardized indoor navigation models and manage real-time data with IFC to reflect indoor changes.@en

In our earlier study, the land administration system in Saudi Arabia has been analyzed to develop the initial country profile based on LADM. The testing and validation of the initial country profile have shown that only the necessary information has been covered, and there is much critical information related to the property registration still not covered. Therefore, this paper proposes the methodology of improving the initial country profile by including new classes and attributes to the spatial and non-spatial classes. For the development of the LADM profile for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the following steps have been applied: • Conducting interviews with the stakeholders to collect information about the regulations of the land/building ownership. • Validating and testing the current country profile. • Collecting a real use case data to assess the model@en

The users' movements in the indoor environments differ based on the condition of the environments. During an indoor emergency, an efficient evacuation is required to help the users to move to the safe areas. Many types of incidents could impact the movements of users and this requires studying the behavior of the people during the evacuation. The reaction of the users to the incidents could affect the evacuation procedures and that could lead to several types of injuries or death. Each user understands and perceives the indoor environment differently and this plays a critical role in the evacuation. Furthermore, the users of the indoor environments have different rights to access the indoor spaces, which affects the movements of the users during an incident. This paper aims to support the evacuation of a building (educational building) in a crisis by using the integrated model of LADM-IndoorGML and the representation of the 3D model of the building. This research is presenting the initial assessment based on real world application. To reflect evacuation cases, we extended the conceptual model of LADM-IndoorGML to define the access rights for users of indoor environments during crisis. An evacuation exercise has been held at the Faculty of Applied Science at TU Delft to study the access rights during an incident. During the evacuation, Wi-Fi data has been collected for the users of the building for further analysis. A 3D model has been built for the Faculty of Applied Science to analyze the movement of the users. The collected data of the Wi-Fi access points have been structured and imported into the freeware database PostgreSQL/PostGIS. Furthermore, the geometry of 3D model was used to visualize the users’ movements as individuals and groups of users according to their connection to Wi-Fi access. Appropriate visualization has been created using QGIS. This paper demonstrates the entire process of analysis and visualization of users’ movements based on the Wi-Fi logs by using the extended LADM-IndoorGML. The outcome of the research has showed that the results for individual users and group users attached to the same access point differs. The study has also exhibited the importance of the time resolution on Monitoring the movements of a single user or group of users. The completed study clearly demonstrates that with the proposed extension, the integrated LADM-IndoorGML model is able to support the decision-making process during an incident in educational building.@en

A web-based application has been developed, exploiting the integrated model of LADM andIndoorGML to provide indoor navigation based on the user's access rights in an educationalbuilding. Different types of users (students, teachers, visitors, etc.) have different access rights,which also depend on the exact time (e.g. inside or outside office hours). A 3D BIM IFC fileof a building has been geo-referenced and converted into a LADM complaint database inPostgreSQL/PostGIS and is enriched with information about access rights based on therelationship between users, time and indoor spaces. The PostgreSQL extension pgRouting hasbeen used for the actual routing. To support the access rights-based routing, the databasecontains several tables to represent nodes, edges, parties (users), and rights. There is one overallnetwork for the whole building, and database views are used to dynamically select the relevantnodes and edges based on the time and the user’s rights. The Dijkstra algorithm is used tocompute the shortest path. Finally, the 3D geospatial web-platform Cesium JS is used to createa client GUI allowing to specify start and destination, the user and time, and to visualize thenavigation routes. As this GUI is web-based it can run on different platforms, such as desktops,laptops, tablets and mobile phones. This paper provides a complete description of all the stepsto design, develop and test the integrated model of LADM and IndoorGML.@en