In recent years, the density on the Dutch university campus has increased substantially due to a continued growth of student populations. Campus managers face the challenge of accommodating the university’s students and employees mainly in the existing buildings, which are used ineffectively and inefficiently. In order to improve the space use on campus, campus managers need better information about space use. Therefore, this PhD dissertation proposes the use of Smart campus tools: a service or product with which information on space use is collected real-time to improve utilization of the current campus on the one hand, and to improve decision‑making about the future campus on the other hand. The main research question is: How can smart campus tools optimally contribute to the match between demand for and supply of space, both on the current campus and on the future campus? To answer the research question, this PhD dissertation explores the use of Smart campus tools in Dutch and international contexts, at universities and other organisations. Then, it researches how information from Smart campus tools can be properly connected to campus decision‑making processes. The results from this research are used to inform existing theories and draw lessons for practice.

At universities worldwide, the notion of a ‘smart campus’ is becoming increasingly appealing as a response to the multitude of challenges that impact campus development and operation. Smart campus tools are widely used to support students and employees, optimise space use and save energy. Although smart campus tools are supposed to support campus managers in their decision-making processes, the use of the information delivered by smart campus tools and their application in organisational processes has received little attention. In this paper, we focus on the use of dashboards in the connection of IoT information to strategic decision-making processes in the management of university campuses. To this end, we developed a briefing approach for dashboards that expresses the needs of campus management and matches the structure of decision-making processes. In two cases, dashboards based on this approach were use-tested by stakeholders for defining information requirements for IoT applications. The results suggest that users are able to use dashboards for assessing portfolio performance and determining interventions. Through iteration the usability of the dashboard is improved and information requirements are refined, resulting in a brief for a campus management dashboard. The results suggest that the briefing approach can be used to determine IoT information requirements, though further research is required to study indications and contra-indications of the proposed method.

Na de verwoestende brand van het geliefde maar verouderde Bouwkundegebouw aan de Berlageweg in 2008, was de grootste uitdaging om de veelkleurige community weer een nieuw thuis te bieden. Een gebouw dat paste bij de identiteit van de faculteit, maar ook een gebouw dat groot genoeg was om te passen. Vanaf dag één hebben studenten en medewerkers - maar ook vaste gasten en eenmalige bezoekers - het gebouw aan de Julianalaan omarmd. Samen gaven zij nieuw leven aan academisch erfgoed dat nog maar net verlaten was door de universiteit. Generaties van BK-alumni en TU Delft-veteranen kwamen met grote groepen langs om ”BK City” te bewonderen en anekdotes te vertellen over de functies die het gebouw had gehad vanaf de bouw in de jaren 1920, nu honderd jaar geleden. Van opslag voor oorlogsmaterieel tot innovatief rekencentrum. Een plek waar iedere TU-student een collegekaart ophaalde, waar de struikelvakken van menig curriculum werden gedoceerd en waar het College van Bestuur de universiteit nog top-down bestuurde. Een gebouw met zoveel historie dwingt respect af en heeft al honderd jaar bewezen multifunctioneel te zijn.

Purpose: Across the world, many universities are dealing with a pressure on resources, caused by both organisational developments and ageing campuses. Space utilization studies have a strategic role, providing information on how space is being used, thereby informing decisions about the type and scale of facilities that are needed. Design/methodology/approach: This study reports on the space use measurements conducted at TU Delft over the past five years, complemented by their use to make decisions about the university's real estate portfolio. Findings: The education spaces of the university are found to perform well in terms of frequency rates and can be improved in terms of occupancy rates. The information helped to support short- and long-term decision-making. The study places of the university have a satisfactory occupancy in some types of study places, while in others there is room for improvement. More research is needed here to understand the relationship between space norms and space use. Practical implications: The space utilization studies have supported discussions with the student council and decision makers on which interventions are required and which current facilities meet students' needs best. Originality/value: Not much space utilisation studies are reported in the academic literature, and those that do have several limitations. This study may serve as a best practice for benchmarking by other universities and as evidence in other research for the planned and actual use of university facilities.

Purpose
The objective of stadium owners is to attract visitors to their stadiums and by this optimally use their business potential. Stadiums face increasing competition from home-viewing options, with which especially aging stadiums have trouble competing. This paper aims to study the concept of smart stadiums as a solution to this problem, adding the corona age as an additional challenge.

Design/methodology/approach
First, (smart) stadium literature and theories are reviewed. Then, a case study is conducted, consisting of document review, observations and semi-structured interviews with specialists. The case that is studied is the Johan Cruijff Arena in Amsterdam – the stadium has the ambition to be the most innovative stadium in 2020.

Findings
Nine different smart tools were identified in the case study, which supports the optimization of various processes in the stadium such as ticketing and crowd control. The findings from this case study showed the potential of the smart stadium concept and how it can add value for the stadium’s stakeholders. The use of smart tools can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of stadium operations, and it can be used to improve the visitors’ experience. However, concrete numbers of progress were difficult to obtain because the smart tools were only recently implemented.

Originality/value
As seen in the past few years, more and more stadiums are branding themselves as a smart stadium. However, research on this subject is still scarce: existing research focused on other types of real estate. By exploring the work done in theory and practice, the authors hope to increase research on the subject of smart stadiums.

At universities worldwide, creating a ‘smart campus’ is gaining significance. This is a response to the increasingly dynamic use of the campus and the pressure on resources: energy, financial and human resources. The university community has become more mobile, student numbers more unpredictable and funding more uncertain. Consequently, campus strategies focus on resource efficiency and sharing space, requiring investment in management information to improve decision making. The Internet of Things (IoT) can help to provide big data about use patterns: by collecting real-time data on space utilization, users can make better use of current spaces and real estate managers can make better decisions about long-term demand. Furthermore, space utilisation data can be complemented with user feedback data and environmental variables, e.g. noise levels, luminance. In this research we identify the capabilities of existing IoT applications through a literature study. Literature also suggests that information from IoT applications is not utilized in organisational decision-making processes. Through four case studies we analyse these decision-making processes and identify the process-level requirements to make strategic decisions in campus management. Then we show how information from the IoT can be directly connected to these processes, thus providing a valuable addition of real-time data as input.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to generate knowledge about the use of smart campus tools to improve the effective and efficient use of campuses. Many universities are facing a challenge in attuning their accommodation to organisational demand. How can universities invest their resources as effectively as possible and not in space that will be poorly utilized? The hypothesis of this paper is that by using smart campus tools, this problem can be solved. Design/methodology/approach: To answer the research question, previous survey at 13 Dutch universities was updated and compared with a survey of various universities and other organizations. The survey consisted of interviews with structured and semi-structured questions, which resulted in a unified output for 27 cases. Findings: Based on the output of the cases, the development of smart campus tools at Dutch universities was compared to that of international universities and other organizations. Furthermore, the data collection led to insights regarding the reasons for initiating smart campus tools, user and management information, costs and benefits and foreseen developments. Originality/value: Although the use of smart tools in practice has gained significant momentum in the past few years, research on the subject is still very technology-oriented and not well-connected to facility management and real estate management. This paper provides an overview of the ways in which universities and organizations are currently supporting their users, improving the use of their buildings and reducing their energy footprint through the use of smart tools.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to generate knowledge about the use of smart campus tools to improve the effective and efficient use of campuses. Many universities are facing a challenge in attuning their accommodation to organisational demand. How can universities invest their resources as effectively as possible and not in space that will be poorly utilized? The hypothesis of this paper is that by using smart campus tools, this problem can be solved. Design/methodology/approach: To answer the research question, previous survey at 13 Dutch universities was updated and compared with a survey of various universities and other organizations. The survey consisted of interviews with structured and semi-structured questions, which resulted in a unified output for 27 cases. Findings: Based on the output of the cases, the development of smart campus tools at Dutch universities was compared to that of international universities and other organizations. Furthermore, the data collection led to insights regarding the reasons for initiating smart campus tools, user and management information, costs and benefits and foreseen developments. Originality/value: Although the use of smart tools in practice has gained significant momentum in the past few years, research on the subject is still very technology-oriented and not well-connected to facility management and real estate management. This paper provides an overview of the ways in which universities and organizations are currently supporting their users, improving the use of their buildings and reducing their energy footprint through the use of smart tools.

Het onderzoek naar smart tools is gestart naar aanleiding van een probleem dat bekend is bij zowel studenten en docenten als bij campusmanagers: gereserveerde maar (deels) ongebruikte of onderbenutte ruimte. Dit probleem is een grote ergernis, vooral in geval van ruimteschaarste. Bij de campusmanagers van de Nederlandse universiteiten, en bij de onderzoekers die zij daarover contacteerden, leefde de veronderstelling dat het ruimtegebruik op hun campussen aanzienlijk efficiënter kon.

Het eerste onderzoek over smart tools aan de Nederlands universiteiten vond plaats in 2016. Het definieerde het begrip en inventariseerde het gebruik, de verwachtingen en mogelijkheden. Vervolgonderzoek in 2017 (gerapporteerd in voorjaar 2018) verkende het gebruik van smart tools bij buitenlandse universiteiten en bedrijven, en verdiepte zich in enkele cases bij de Nederlandse universiteiten. Dit artikel bouwt voort op het eerste onderzoek.

In corporate real estate management waren smart tools tot voor het onderzoek uit 2016 nagenoeg onbekend. Onderzoekers definieerden een smart tool als een dienst of product dat op een niet gangbare wijze informatie over ruimtegebruik verzamelt en verspreidt ter verbetering van het huidige ruimtegebruik en ter ondersteuning van besluitvorming over het toekomstige ruimtegebruik. Dit artikel beschrijft 15 dimensies waarmee smart tools kunnen worden onderscheiden van andere tools voor campusmanagement.

Bij de Nederlandse universiteiten zijn anno 2016 26 verschillende smart tools in gebruik, waarvan 12 zelf ontwikkeld. Het precies en doorlopend meten van het feitelijke ruimtegebruik op een lage resolutie wordt nagestreefd, maar er is ook veel interesse voor het vergelijken van het geplande en feitelijke gebruik. Twee soorten smart tools zijn dominant. De eerste soort zijn tools die studenten en medewerkers helpen om beschikbare ruimten te vinden of te boeken. Ze zijn ingevoerd als gevolg van de groeiende campuspopulatie. De tweede soort zijn tools die het gebruik van onderwijsruimten monitoren. Doelgroep van deze tools zijn de vastgoedbeheerders en de medewerkers die de roosters opmaken.

Het onderzoek komt tot de conclusie dat smart tools waardevolle informatie aanbrengen voor ruimtegebruikers en -beheerders en bijdragen aan de functionele en strategische doelstellingen van het campusmanagement.

“Everything is booked, but many rooms and seats are empty”. This problem was the basis of the ‘Smart campus tools’ research and is familiar to both users and campus managers alike. On today’s university campus - with an increasing amount of students, part-time researchers, guest professors and other visitors - many users are looking for a place to study, to work or to have a meeting on a daily basis, but often all the space on campus seems to be in use: education spaces are booked for lectures and desks are claimed by books on the table or a coat on the chair. However, for large parts of the day they are not in active use. This “reserved but not used” problem resembles a top-10 annoyance on vacation: sunbeds by the poolside at holiday resorts are claimed with towels, without actual people using them. This analogy with the ‘towel problem’ points out two important issues: when space is scarce people start claiming their territory “in advance” and this annoys all other potential users, with a negative effect on satisfaction rates. This leads to a paradox: while the campus community perceives scarcity of space, campus managers know that the available spaces are not used to their full capacity. Smart tools were envisioned as a possible solution for this problem.

Purpose: The objective of corporate real estate management is to optimally attune corporate accommodation to organisational performance. At universities, the dynamic process to match supply and demand is often hindered by difficulties in the allocation and use of space. This is a challenge for the Dutch universities and perhaps also European universities, which own large and ageing real estate portfolio’s in need of (re)investment: how can universities invest their resources as effectively as possible and not in space that will be poorly used? The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of smart campus tools to improve space use on campus. Design/methodology/approach: First, a survey at 13 Dutch universities is conducted, consisting of a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews with Dutch campus managers. Then, semi-structured interviews are held with a number of parties in other industries to explore the use of smart tools in other contexts. Findings: The universities’ demand for smart tools is mainly directed at the automatic and continuous collection of real-time space use data for education spaces and giving students insight into the availability of study places on campus. The tools at the Dutch universities focus largely on effectiveness: helping their users in their search to find a space that supports their activities. In other industry sectors, the results suggest that the use of smart tools is more directed towards efficiency: maximizing the use of existing space or optimising the operations of the organisation. Originality/value: Although the use of smart tools in practice has gained significant momentum in the past few years, research on the subject is still sparse. By providing a framework for smart tools, as well as exploring the work done in theory and in practice, the authors hope to increase discussion and research on the subject from the perspective of corporate real estate.

Het ‘Smart tools on campus’ onderzoek is gestart naar aanleiding van een probleem dat bekend is voor zowel gebruikers als campus managers: gereserveerde maar (deels) ongebruikte of onderbenutte ruimte. Gebruikers zijn geregeld op zoek naar een studie, werk- of vergaderplek, maar alle plekken lijken bezet: zalen zijn ingeroosterd voor een college en werkplekken zijn geclaimd met boeken op tafel of een jas over de stoel. Grote delen van de dag zijn ze echter niet in gebruik. De analogie met het ‘handdoekje leggen’ bij het zwembad (zie figuur M.1) geeft dit probleem goed weer: “gereserveerd maar ongebruikt” is een grote ergernis in geval van ruimteschaarste. Zo ontstaat er bij studenten en docenten een vraag naar meer ruimte, terwijl de campusmanagers tegelijkertijd weten dat de beschikbare ruimten niet volledig gebruikt worden. Het lijkt erop dat smart tools een belangrijke bijdrage kunnen leveren aan het oplossen van voorgenoemd probleem en daarmee van toegevoegde waarde voor verschillende stakeholders op de campus. Door gebruikers te helpen bij het boeken of het vinden van een ruimte kunnen zij in de huidige situatie de beschikbare ruimte beter gebruiken. Door de facilitair- en vastgoedmanagers te voorzien van (real-time) data over het werkelijke gebruik van verschillende ruimtetypen op de campus, worden zij geholpen in de besluitvorming over toekomstige investeringen. De hoofdvraag van het onderzoek is: Aan welke smart tools hebben de universiteiten behoefte en welke zijn er beschikbaar? Een smart tool is een dienst of product waarmee (real-time) informatie verzameld wordt om enerzijds ruimtegebruik op de huidige campus te verbeteren en anderzijds de besluitvorming over het toekomstig ruimtegebruik te ondersteunen. Een smart tool wordt beschreven in drie onderdelen: 1. Waarom deze tool? – doelstellingen - de redenen waarom de smart tool wordt ingezet 2. Wat meet deze tool? – informatie ruimtegebruik – het type data dat wordt verzameld 3. Hoe meet deze tool? – meetmethoden - de manier waarop of sensor waarmee wordt gemeten

One of the long-standing issues in the field of corporate real estate management is the alignment of an organisation’s real estate to its corporate strategy. Despite extensive research, existing approaches have not had much uptake in practice and fall short in a number of aspects (H 2011). The hypothesis in this paper is that indoor positioning technology enables us to accurately observe users and measure their behaviour real-time, which improves alignment in two ways: firstly, by improving the current match between supply and demand by giving end users access to this information to help them find vacant work places or their colleagues, and secondly by improving decision-making for the future match by delivering more accurate insight into space use. Reports suggest that significant improvements in space utilization are possible. In the UK, the average utilization for educational space is 27% (SMG 2006); the report suggests that an improvement of 3% (from 27% to 30%) can lead to 10% savings in costs and m2. The objective of this paper is to provide a framework in which existing research in indoor positioning is positioned in relation to the objectives in CREM. To the best of the authors’ knowledge such an overview does not exist. In the studied papers on positioning techniques the added value for real estate management is just briefly touched upon. Concepts such as better supporting user activities or reducing energy costs are shortly described as potential benefits of the technologies demonstrated in the papers, and almost never are these benefits quantified. In the literature five measurement objectives can be distinguished: measuring frequency, occupancy, location, movement and behaviour. Measuring frequency is the simplest, after which each subsequent objective becomes more complex. The first findings suggest a clear relationship between these measurement objectives and (1) the measurement method, such as Wi-Fi or Occupancy sensors and (2) the objectives in real estate management, such as supporting user activities and reducing m2 footprint. The framework presented in the paper provides a useful tool for both practitioners and researchers. For researchers, REM objectives that are not or only slightly touch upon provide a starting point for future research and applications. For practitioners, the framework provides useful information that can help them match their organisation’s objectives and priorities to the prevalent measurement methods.