The transformations the healthcare sector is undergoing can be divided into three types of changes; gradual change, sudden change and expected change. The ageing population represents the gradual change. The ageing population brings an increased demand for care, while also an increasing need for cost control and a decrease in available capacity is noticeable in the healthcare sector. The Covid19 pandemic is an example of a sudden change, an unexpected change on which needs to be acted fast. Digitalisation is a representative for an expected change in the healthcare sector. Especially since the recent Covid19 pandemic there is a growing interest among hospital organisations in digitalisation. To be able to maintain to deliver the highest quality of care under the current circumstances, new innovative strategies and lean processes need to be developed. To accommodate these transformations the real estate of the hospital will have to change. Due to the pressure on hospitals to reduce costs and improve health service accessibility, there is an increasing demand for outpatient services. With the growing interest among hospital organisations in digitalisation and the lack of research on a real estate strategy for hospitals that includes smart tools, this research focuses on to what extent smart tools can optimise the use of scarce resources in the outpatient department of the hospital, taking into account the layout of the outpatient department. The following question is formulated to be answered: “To what extent can smart tools and layout contribute to the efficient and effective use of the scarce resources in the outpatient department of a Dutch hospital?“ To be able to answer this research question, a qualitative approach is chosen to work with. Research on the use of smart tools in the outpatient department of a Dutch hospital is still very rare, therefore a qualitative approach is recommendable. The literature review acts as the backbone of the research. The case study and semi-structured interviews are derived from the network of AT Osborne. To validate the research a project visit of a newly built smart outpatient department and an expert panel has been conducted. The main goal of conducting this research is to find a solution for the facility and department managers of the outpatient department of the Dutch hospital to cope with the scarce resources, so the hospital can focus on its main goal ‘the delivery of high-quality healthcare’.

Today, the deregulated Dutch healthcare system, the changing demographics and the growing shortage of medical specialists is putting pressure on the entire hospital and its employees. Thus, improving the patient experience, medical specialist’s workflow and utilisation of space would enable hospitals to provide better care to its patients, while dealing with the deregulated healthcare sector, changing democraphics and pressures on the hospital and its staff. However, buildings today can perform better when being a ‘smart’ building and smart tools can help optimise buildings, by first measuring something about the building or something is requested from the user; This data is then used to achieve a goal.There are some studies about smart tools, but these studies are not focussed on integrating smart tools in the outpatient department. Therefor, the following research question has been developed: Which ‘smart’ optimisations of the outpatient department could improve patient experience, medical specialist’s workflow and utilisation of space? Qualitative research is conducted, whereby literature is reviewed in combination with comparative research of four different Dutch hospitals. Based on the case study, in total fourteen potential optimisations are distinguished in three different focus areas (from most desired to nice to have): (1) Workflow: Diagnostics, finding workplace, digital forms, finding colleague, information (EPD), self measuring / controlling, and e-consult. (2) Patient experience: Information provision, wayfinding, check-in, and senior service. (3) Utilisation of space: Space use, Maintenance / tracking of (medical) equipment, and cleaning. The focus of potential optimisations is mainly focused on functional objectives with supporting user activities, increase patients’ and employees’ satisfaction, and improving productivity. Therefor, the advice is to look at mutiple potential optimisations at the same time and try to come to an integrated solution. This will create new valuable insights, improve the performance of the individual optimisations and stimulates automation. And ultimately, improving the patient experience, the medical specialist’s workflow and the utilisation of space.

Historical campuses enabled post-Age of Enlightenment organizations’ operations and allowed them to adapt with times, supporting their processes of adaptive reuse transformation throughout the institutions’ recursive managerial cycles. However, the radical reforms which concerned these organizations since the second half of the 20th century, disabled those mechanics and instated a diffuse phenomenon of dismissal of their historic campuses, instating processes of abandon, demolition, degradation or degeneration and entailing the steady loss of their architectural, urban, functional, economic, historic and socio-cultural values.In the perspective of re-enabling, promoting and fostering fully-sustainable adaptive reuse transformations of the heritage to avoid the value losses, this research recognizes the lack of integration between the intervention domains participating in adaptive reuse operations as the main cause of the phenomenon. Specifically, it points to the impossibility for organizations to inform, support and assess such cross-domain broad-spectrum transformations following the serial structure of current adaptive reuse operational models. Once observed the specific managerial, entrepreneurial and architectural characters of such transformations, the research focuses on the analysis of their processes and procedures in order to define the extents up to which they can be integrated and synchronized. This results in a parallelly-structured operational model in which the coherent processes of the three intervention domains are executed synchronously throughout the identified procedural and operational phases. These phases are then consolidated by defining the conduction tools available to the process managers (and to the ones of each individual domain), the nature and the relevance of the information transfer among the processes within a same procedural phase and/or the previous/next one and finally the reciprocal contributions of each domains in respect to the others. The research then focuses on the theoretical validation of the proposed alternative operational model for adaptive reuse transformation of defunctionalized historic campuses. A comparative analysis reveals an increased ability of adaptive reuse operations conducted through the integrated operational model to consistently address the interests of the involved stakeholders and to be backed by major support networks. Additionally, it shows their higher aptitude in managing the risks inherently related to the operations by allowing its incremental phasing, which provides an otherwise absent degree of tolerance for ambiguity and proofs them from the excessive hindrance represented by intrinsic and extrinsic transformation factors. The integrated operational model also prompts to more fully sustainable transformations thanks to the coexistence of the control processes pertaining to each intervention domain. Overall, the proposed model better allows to restore, preserve and enhance the architectural, urban, functional, economic, historic and socio-cultural values of the dismissed historic campuses rather than the current ones. To achieve these performance increases, however, it relies on the presence of a favorable stakeholder environment at the local, regional and possibly national scale, whose involvement in the entire transformation process requires their availability for greater time and effort investments. Due to these requirements, the inclusion in the intervention program of elements such as a flagship project-orientation, the reliance on triple, quadruple and quintuple helix innovation models and the constitution of public-private partnerships should be strongly considered to facilitate the transformation process.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to add to the existing body of knowledge and increase the understanding of the contribution of current smart emergency applications to the facility manager with the focus on required information during building fire emergency response operations. Design/methodology/approach – Semi-structured interviews with different safety professionals from Dutch universities are used to identify their role during a fire incident, an acceptable level of fire cause, necessary information items and, their viewpoint on the use of smart emergency applications. The results are translated to a multi-criteria analysis in which different smart emergency applications are evaluated according to a variety of information items. Main finding – This study reveals that not all required information is integrated into the current smart emergency apps. In fact, each smart emergency apps have a unique information provision which can be useful during a specific phase of a building fire emergency operation. In addition, the findings show that the use of smart emergency apps is partially supported by the participants of the interviews. Research limitations/implications – This study was confined to universities in The Netherlands and the semi-structured interviews have limited population size. A larger population with the focus on international universities would have allowed for more important data, but the findings do provide valuable and essential insight into the contribution of smart emergency apps to the facility managers. Practical implications – The empirical results provide guidance to the emergency and facility managers to opt for the smart emergency app(s) according to their required information and, give valuable insight to app developers and researchers for further improvement and development of the emergency apps. Originality/value – Most studies focus on the benefits and technical aspects of the smart emergency app. This research provides readers with more insight into the extent of the required information on current smart emergency apps in favor of the facility manager who needs to perform during a building fire emergency operation

On January 30, 2020, the WHO Emergency Committee declared a global health emergency based on increasing reports of Chinese and international cases. The unprecedented impact of COVID-19 has also affected education systems around the world. This means that more than 1.6 billion students, representing 91% of all students in the world, have felt the impact of COVID-19 on their study environments. The Smart Campus Tools and SCT 2.0 research has revealed that the use of SCTs is well known among Dutch and foreign universities. But, because the COVID-19 crisis is a recent and still current event, there is a gap in the literature with the insights on how universities and organizations have utilized SCTs during this period. This research aims to reflect the use of SCTs in the COVID-19 period at universities and other organizations. In addition, it identifies differences in the use of SCTs in the intervening years between the SCT 2.0 research and this study. This was ascertained through a literature study, the first brainstorming session, a case study at nine Dutch and five foreign universities and at three other organizations, and finally a second brainstorming session. Based on the outcomes of this research, it can be concluded that since the changes around the COVID-19 virus, existing or new SCTs have contributed to the ‘back-to-campus/office’ phase. This has been achieved through reservation tools for individual study places and/or tools that display crowding indications in the buildings. This has facilitated the monitoring of the number of users in the buildings and the ability to regulate capacity. Recommendations are provided to show campus managers the possibilities around the newly created problem; the "digital towel" in reservations (no-shows). Lastly, the research stresses the importance of quantitative research for further research on this topic.

Today’s stadiums face increasing competition from home-viewing options, powered by better camera angles and multiplatform, multimedia experiences. Concurrent with these trends is the increase in computing power and near ubiquity of the smartphone. These technological developments create new opportunities to measure real-time space use. The service or product that can measure (real-time) space use is called a ‘smart tool’. There are some studies about smart tools, but these are not focussing on the integration in stadiums. This resulted in the following research question that will be addressed in this research: which smart tools can be identified in stadiums, and how can the use of these smart tools be optimized? Due to this nascent character of the research topic qualitative research is conducted, whereby literature is reviewed in combination with an exploratory case study. The case that is studied is the Johan Cruijff Arena in Amsterdam, the stadium has the ambition to be the most innovative stadium by 2020. Based on the case study, nine different smart tools are identified, whereby the main goals of the tools are to reduce costs and to support user activities. Based on the outcomes of this research it can be concluded that the integration of smart tools in stadiums are in their ‘infancy’. From these nine smart tool projects, only five were in use at the moment of the research, the other four were still under development. As a result, concrete numbers of the effects of integrating of smart tools are missing. However, the current experience of integrating smart tools in stadiums did generate some valuable insights on how the use of the tools can be optimized by linking the findings to innovations from practice. Recommendations are provided to guide stadium managers in the effective management of smart tools. Lastly, the research stresses out the importance of future research on this topic

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to research the potential of smart tools in the increasingly dynamic used campus workplace from a user perspective, to provide the campus manager with information on both the smart tool product and the smart tool implementation process. Methodology: The currently used smart tools are explored by filling out a standardized form. The in-depth case studies are conducted following the user journey approach. By drawing a timeline of a day and mapping the different events with associated feelings, an in-depth view of the users’ day can be captured. Findings: The findings show 9 different smart tools functions. Within these groups, smart tools differ in terms of level of accuracy and combination of provided functions. The user journeys present the diversity in smart tool requests that users can have, which is strongly related to the provided workplace. Based on the findings, implications for the campus manager are summarized in an ambition framework, which presents four strategies to approach a smart tool project. Practical implications: The findings from this research are based on the campus manager perspective and therefore provide implications for the campus manager. Originality: The paper provides insights in several smart tool projects. As still many smart tool projects are not considered to be successful after implementation, information is needed to guide campus manager throughout this process.

Introduction - Industrial heritage buildings possess unique characteristics and significant potential, yet often many remain vacant: presenting an untapped opportunity. Adaptive reuse of these buildings can have an extra-large impact, especially as catalysts for urban (re)development. However, the adaptive reuse process is complex, particularly for municipalities. Municipal roles have shifted towards being demand-oriented, market-following, and market-organizing, yet municipalities are considered to be responsible for vacant areas. This shift combined with the complexity of the process, highlights the need for this reserach, which explores municipal involvement in the adaptive reuse process of industrial heritage buildings in the Netherlands. Methods - The methodology consists of a market review, case studies, and a cross-case analysis. The market review gives a broad overview of projects in the Netherlands, and their characteristics. Six heterogenous case studies are selected: LocHal (Tilburg), Klokgebouw (Eindhoven), Baronie (Alphen a/d Rijn), RDM Campus (Rotterdam), Ploeg (Bergeijk), and Greswarenfabriek (Reuver). Each case is studied by reviewing documents and conducting two interviews. Results - The case studies demonstrate the practical complexity and diversity of adaptive reuse processes, municipal involvement, and relevant public values. Municipalities primarily adopt an active approach during the preparation phase, often focusing on their roles as connectors and stimulators, and incorporating arrange/provide and stimulate/align approaches. However, municipalities tend to be more passive during the pre-project phase, despite its extensive nature. Discussion - The research reveals varied forms of municipal involvement, making it challenging to establish clear causal relationships between project characteristics, public values, and types of municipal involvement. Further research is required to enhance understanding of municipal involvement in this context and its reasons. To contribute to this understanding, a model is proposed, linking project complexity to active municipal involvement, in which more roles and approaches are incorporated in the municipal strategy if the process is mroe complex. Municipalities are recommended to adopt an active stance, integrate knowledge development and exchange, and remain adaptable to evolving circumstances.

University real estate organisations are heavily influenced by the context in which they operate. Within this dynamic context, real estate organisations choose a particular organisational structure. Changes in organisational context can imply a reconsideration of the organisational structure of the real estate department. As a consequence, university real estate organisations seek to attain the organisational structure that is most beneficial for their organisation and the management of their real estate. The corporate real estate management process is based on matching real estate with organisational objectives and adding value to organisational performance. Previous studies have therefore focused on aligning corporate real estate management with the core business of an organisation. However, many studies do not focus on the impact of the organisation on the real estate management process. As a consequence, university real estate organisations lack the information and tools to assess whether their organisation optimally supports the real estate management process. As the university real estate management process has become more complex, and financial resources have become rather limited in the last two decades, the question of which organisational structure optimally support the management of university real estate is of high relevance. This urges the need for new information and tools to assess the relation between organisational structure and corporate real estate management. This study therefore explores how the organisational structure of university real estate departments influences the university real estate management process. The research objective is to provide university real estate organisations with a toolbox consisting of information and tools to support them in making decisions about the structuring of their organisation and the management of their real estate. The toolbox consists of three tools: (1) an analytical tool that determines the organisational structure of a university real estate organisation, (2) a model that assesses the university real estate management process, and (3) a model that determines which organisational structure is preferred based on specific conditions and priorities. Following the results of the study, it can be observed that different structural configurations do influence the university real estate management process. The organisational structure of the university real estate department can be determined by a set of five structural choices, which will create different structural configurations. To find the organisational configuration that supports the real estate management process, university real estate departments need to consider which added values they want to achieve. Added value can be created by: •aligning real estate with institutional goals (strategic) •aligning real estate with the primary process (functional) •aligning real estate financial value, risks and costs with the production of real estate products and services (financial) •maintaining the quality and quantity of current and future real estate (physical) In this study, the added value of real estate is assessed by linking the four Corporate Real Estate Management perspectives with the five development stages of Joroff et al. (1993). The development stage of the real estate department determines whether the real estate department’s behaviour and focus meets the university’s current needs, or simply put: it determines how and which added value is created by the real estate management process. To conclude, the organisational structure of the university real estate department influences the way university real estate is managed, as different structural configurations influence how the real estate adds value to organisational performance.

Secularisation is leading to an increasing amount of obsolete churches in the Netherlands. There is a need for decision making on which churches to preserve and how to deal with the preserved churches. Adaptively reusing these buildings can safeguard them from demolition. Adaptively reusing churches is a matter of making concessions. Every stakeholder has its interest. These interests are interrelated, and it is almost impossible to meet every stakeholders’ goal to the maximum. Therefore, one should strive to find the optimal solution. Finding this optimal balance is the task of the decision maker. Theory shows that aligning the following four goals can help: physical, functional, financial and organisational goals. These are based on the CREM perspectives. This is tested by interviewing several decisionmakers and by comparing this qualitative data and the additional literature research with the theory. The aim is to strengthen the position of the decision maker with this new information and tools. Equally important as finding the optimal solution, is making supported decisions. The use of the DAS-frame guides this. Comparing the four steps derived from the literature with the steps decision makers take leads to the findings. This information is derived from interviews. A step-by-step plan for future decision makers helps making substantiated decisions, and a database and reference booklet, compiled in this thesis, help broadening the solution framework for adaptively reusing churches. This step-by-step plan is compiled based on the DAS-frame and the information for the interviews. Tips from finding the optimal solution merge into this step-by-step plan. The step-by-step plan, database and reference booklet form a toolbox to support private and public decision makers in fulfilling their task.

Municipalities are aware that professionalizing their real estate management is necessary to become CO2 neutral before 2050 and that it even can create cost reduction and can add value in the long term. Many municipalities are now working on a specified portfolio identification while maintaining this portfolio. Some municipalities are ready to think about how to change their portfolio into one that is almost CO2 neutral. However, there are also municipalities that are struggling due to the lack of (energy) information of their portfolio and choosing the appropriate tools to help them achieve their goals. Some municipalities do work on the sustainability goal as seen at the benchmark of 2017, but here is also evident that around 25% of the public building stock is still categorized at label G, the worst label. Therefore the aim of the research is to provide insight into the facts, processes, possibilities, and challenges of sustainable strategies for municipalities to create an energy neutral real estate portfolio and given this national goal, provide a road map for municipalities. We can conclude from literature and case studies that there are special contracts, approaches, and guidelines municipalities can use to make their building portfolio energy neutral. However, there is not one uniform tool that can entirely transform the total building portfolio. So, the strategy tools need to be used for the right buildings at the right time with the right expertise and information. This approach needs to be in balance with the three added values of MREM, namely: political goals, financial policies, and user satisfaction. The considerations to set the pace of the energy transition is predominately based upon the financial possibilities, the amount of support of the council, the physical context, and the professionalization of the real estate department. The DAS-Framework and four C/P/MREM perspectives, used in the approach of the case studies, can help municipalities to structure and balance the values of the organization when making a sustainable strategy.

This research explores the roles local public authorities can deploy in innovation district planning and development and the spatial conditions and interventions they should enhance to stimulate innovation through the built environment. Because cities are promoting and investing in new locations to agglomerate knowledge-intensive activities on a specific location, to raise the innovation profile of the area and accelerate urban economic renewal. Academics and practitioners question to what extent urban planners can appoint areas where innovation-rich activities might cluster and what strategies and organization these projects need to become more than a rebranding effort. This trend also becomes apparent in Dutch urban practice. Which drives this research to explore how innovation districts came into being, to what extent innovation is actually stimulated in these districts (focusing on the physicality of this phenomenon and the role of the built environment), and how they could be organized to enable and stimulate innovation and the processes leading to it.

Problem statement: Organisations need real estate to enable them to perform their activities effectively and efficiently in a safe, protected and pleasurable environment. Typically, large organisations use many buildings to perform their activities. The relationship between a building (supply) and its users (demand) is constantly changing. This change is fuelled by technology and a host of economic and cultural trends. Because the supply - demand is changing continuously, most of the time there is a mismatch between what a building can offer and what an organisation requires. Therefore, one of the biggest challenges in Corporate Real Estate Management is reducing the gap between the high speed of business and the slow speed of real estate, i.e. between the so-called dynamic real estate demand and relatively static real estate supply. Research objective: Based on the objective of Corporate Real Estate Management, the research objective of this graduation work is to develop and present knowledge of how the physical resource can be enhanced by implementing ‘Office as a Service’. Because the mismatch is dynamic and will change frequently, a strategic decision approach to managing the mismatch between the user organisation and the building is proposed in order to offer a suitable way of approaching these problems. Therefore the main research question is: “How can ‘Office as a Service’ be a strategic decision approach for an organization to optimize their physical resources in order to obtain maximum added value?” Research method: By conducting operational-empirical research, the research questions are answered. By means of operational research, a strategic decision approach is developed that can be used in the process of forming an accommodation strategy to align real estate to the needs of the core business. Empirical research was used to obtain input for the development of the operational model. This empirical research focused on the performance of ‘Office as a Service’ strategies in relation to both the presumed added values of real estate and the various typologies of occupier space demands. To obtain the required input, a method of a literature review, semi-structured interviews and a cross-case study was used. Key findings and conclusion: A strategic decision approach is developed based on the concept of a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) model. The development of this Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis model integrates the decision-makers criteria, which are based on the presumed added values of real estate as well as the five typologies of occupier space demand, with the alternative ‘Office as a Service’ strategies. Based on the model of Den Heijer (2011) to assess the added value of real estate decisions regarding the four stakeholder perspectives with their corresponding presumed added values, eight added values divided over all four stakeholder perspectives can be related to the concept of ‘Office as a Service’. Next to the presumed added values of real estate which contribute to the strategic goals of an organization, an operational aspect is added to the decision-criteria taking into account five typologies of occupier space demand of an organisation. Based on the Core-Periphery operational real estate portfolio space model of Gibson and Lizieri (1999) in relation to the alternative ‘Office as a Service’ strategies this results in the following interpretation: a stepped ascending relationship where the increase of flexibility is answered by a more external ‘Office as a Service’ strategy.

This thesis examines how TU Delft could adapt its study places in generic educational buildings to meet current and future demands. This research is done through a literature review and an examination of three representative cases at TU Delft and in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Despite the expectations of a pandemic-induced shift to online learning, this research emphasises the continued significance of a high-quality on-campus environment. Findings reveal a surplus of study places, urging qualitative enhancements, especially in aspects like community feeling. Future prospects suggest a move towards interdisciplinary learning, requiring a diverse mix of study places. Recommendations encompass effective scheduling and smart campus tools, redefining quality parameters for study places, and creating adaptive learning environments. The findings advocate for a balanced approach, accommodating both quiet, focused study places and dynamic, socially engaging meeting places. In conclusion, TU Delft is advised to holistically adapt study places, integrating quantitative and qualitative insights, as detailed in the lessons learned from the general educational buildings.

The current trend towards the use of smart tools within universities open up new opportunities. Insight in the location and daily rhythms of users within the building form valuable input for many decision-making processes within campus management. Unlike the outdoor environment, where the position is easily obtained through omnipresent satellite-based positioning systems such as GPS, the use of these systems in indoor environments is limited. Various implementations of indoor positioning systems try to fill this gap and provide indoor positioning capabilities. However, the complex indoor environment presents its own challenges regarding positioning. The effectiveness of current implementations varies depending on techniques and methods used, while often being limited to function only within small test bed environments. Privacy, cost, scalability, ease of integration in the environment and many other decisive factors steer the choice for certain indoor positioning systems. Within this research the focus is on the development of a non-intrusive network-based indoor positioning system using Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi has clear advantages over other measuring techniques in that these systems are ubiquitous, cost-effective and their use is multi-faceted. Now over 85% of the users carry a smartphone. These off-the-shelf, unmodified smartphones and other Wi-Fi-enabled mobile devices can be used as mobile stations to indicate user locations through an iterative positioning process. Besides the mobile stations, existing Wi-Fi infrastructures and networking equipment can be re-used with minor adaptations. The following research question was addressed in this research: 'To what extent can indoor Wi-Fi positioning be used for indoor localisation in order to determine occupancy rhythms and movement patterns within and between rooms to support campus management?'. The research question was approached starting with exploring the different techniques and methods suited for indoor positioning or localisation. The case study was used to review and develop a system suitable for indoor campus environments. As the case study requires a non-intrusive and low-cost solution that functions without active user participation a signal propagation-based technique was chosen. Distances were estimated employing the signal strength metadata extracted from various 802.11 management frames originating from user mobile devices. Various influences on the Wi-Fi signals were identified and a solution to counteract those influences was designed in the form of a differential Wi-Fi system using a grid of interconnected reference stations. With the use differential Wi-Fi correction parameters the positioning improved by mitigating for temporal environmental influences that are continuously present in indoor environments. Next, based on a comparison of different methods, a multilateration method was developed as the core of the positioning system. The multilateration algorithms combined with various filtering algorithms provide for a highly maintenance-free system with minimal manual set-up required. As the environment changes new training data is automatically acquired for ready-use. All algorithms were designed to work both in (near) real-time as well as non real-time, with configurable processing delays of at least 10 seconds. The longer delays allow for more observations, while the shorter delays are better for moving users and fast updates. Accuracies of 2 meters at the lower bounds are reported, ranging up to the 10 meter mark due to Wi-Fi characteristics. Various filtering and post-processing mechanisms were designed to generate accurate mappings from mobile devices to user counts. Furthermore, in the preparation phase different geometries were tested with reference stations 10 to 20 meters apart from each other. Preferred spatial geometries were matches as closely as possible for the deployment of the system in a real-world test case scenario. The designed reference stations were deployed in the Architecture faculty building to monitor occupancy and movement patterns before, during and after a fire drill. Ground truth was acquired using BLE wrist bands and manual counting. The fire drill had different elements: counting the number of users per m2 and per room, the occupancy rhythms over time and the movement patterns. Overall during 48% of the uncontrolled testing a 100% match between BLE wrist band equipped user counts and Wi-Fi counts was achieved. In 77% of the cases there was a 1 person difference in counting, where in more than 95% of the cases the maximum difference was 4 persons. In conclusion, with this localisation system the occupancy rhythms and movement patterns of users can be measured to a large extent to aid in the various tasks of campus management, e.g. planning, and safety evacuations.

The purpose of this research is to extend knowledge on adding value to office employees (end users) due to smart technology implementation. The focus of this research document is given to end users since the problem statement emphasises a need of a strategic change in CREM’s activities related to smart technology implementation. The problem statement explains the recognized paradox. On the one hand smart technologies are the components of Smart Office Real Estate which should serve its end users – office employees. On the other hand , it seems that smart technology implementation initiative is a top-down process which causes issues such as peoples’ fear or privacy concerns. The proposed in this research strategic change implies focusing on employee-oriented IoT implementation initiative. The research main question is ‘how can Corporate Real Estate Managers (CREM) shape Internet of Things (IoT) initiative which adds value to office employees?’. The research methodology combines systematic literature review and case study methods. The case study method consists of two parts: in-depth interviewees (incl. appendage) and desk research. The research have an explorative character. The appointed mixed methodology allows to gather information from practice and at the same time ensure its reliability. The research analysis presents a comprehensive process design. The process design framework visualises actors, steps and phases of IoT implementation initiative. Additionally the research addresses implemented within investigated case studies smart technology and its explains its added value. Both findings guide CREM on how to shape an IoT initiative due to: (1) clarifying their role in the comprehensive IoT implementation process and (2) indicating application functionalities and data which CREM should pay attention to in order to add value to office employees. The research findings are highly relevant to the multiple actors, primarily CREM’s practices in current changing RE market.

The Dutch national climate agreement mentions important goals related to sustainability. The task is to reduce CO2 emissions by 49% in 2030 compared to 1990 and by 80 to 95% in 2050. To achieve these goals, every sector, including public real estate like universities, needs to contribute. This study focuses on the 14 Dutch universities. Universities are urged to set an example because of their socially responsible character. In 2008, the Dutch universities signed a covenant to reduce their energy consumption and CO2 emissions. However, there is still a lot of improvement needed. A network of academic experts for knowledge exchange can help with this. Exchanging knowledge within an inter-university network could give many new and valuable insights for implementation. At this moment, universities are mainly reinventing the wheel for themselves instead of exchanging insights with others. This research is about the different existing networks, drivers, barriers, and tools of knowledge sharing between universities and provides an answer to the main research question: “How can inter-university knowledge transfer support university campus managers to achieve the universities’ sustainability goals?”. It serves as exploratory research for the larger Campus NL research from the TU Delft Campus Research Team. One of the topics they are going to research is campus learning. Through an extensive literature review, 10 in-depth semi-structured interviews, strategy-analysis, and observations, this research concludes that every university has the same goals, and by working together, they might find possible ways to achieve these goals sooner. They can stick together to get more funds or guidance and get insights into what others are doing. This research has provides an overview of the barriers and drivers of knowledge transfer that campus managers working on the energy transition are experiencing at this moment and therefore contributes to knowledge about knowledge transfer and also serves as a starting point for the Campus NL research. Keywords | Knowledge transfer, campus management, barriers and drivers, sustainability goals, real estate

Problem statement - The global community is facing scarcity of finite materials and environmental pollution. In response to these mounting issues, the government of the Netherlands plans to transition to a circular economy (CE) by 2050. The shift towards a CE affects the built environment. Currently, the global building industry is responsible for 40% of material consumption and one-third of energy consumption. In essence, there are CE developments happening in the Public Real Estate (PRE) and barriers are known in the existing building stocks. However, insufficient research has been conducted on what the barriers could be for the existing PRE in regards to the CE transition. Barriers can hinder further CE development and the CE transition in existing PRE. What these barriers exactly are, has yet to be mapped out for the existing PRE. Therefore, sufficient research is needed to fill this gap. Hence, the following research question is then formulated for this research: “What are the current barriers to the circular economy transition for existing public real estate?”. Sub questions have been formulated in order to answer the main research question: 1. “How is the CE ambition integrated into CGREA’s existing PRE projects?” 2. “How are CE strategies implemented in existing PRE?” 3. “What challenges arise when implementing CE strategies in existing PRE?”. 4. “How are these challenges currently managed in order to realise the CE goal?”. This study explores three cases of the Central Government Real Estate Agencies (CGREA) existing PRE. The results will be used to identify and assess the current barriers for the existing PRE regarding the transition to a CE. Objectives - The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the current barriers to transitioning to a CE for the CGREA’s existing PRE. Moreover, the current CE activities around existing PRE will be analysed, and the facts and barriers for the CGREA will be established. Research method - The methodology of this study is divided into theoretical research, empirical research and synthesis. The research methods of this study consists of a review of previous scientific literature studies on the subject of CE in existing PRE, three case studies and interviews regarding the three cases, and an expert panel to assess, validate and improve the results. Discussion - In essence, this study contributes a more nuanced view on the subject of CE transition in the built environment focused on the existing PRE. The theoretical research indicated that the CE transition in existing PRE was neglected. Yet, empirical research indicated that the CE transition in existing PRE projects is being realised. Moreover, this study has found that, even if the CE ambition is integrated into the later stages of a project, it is still difficult to realise this ambition with the current economy we live in. The analysed cases have indicated the challenges that are an obstruction for further transition to the CE. These challenges are identified and validated as barriers. Conclusion - In this study twelve barriers were identified and assessed that are currently a barrier for further CE transitioning in existing PRE. These barriers are: that there is (1) No CE ambition in the project scope, (2) unknown resource availability, (3)No assessment framework, (4) Inexperience of the contractor with the CE, (5) Cost and time driven projects, (6) No separate budget for CE strategies, (7) Finding CE installations, (8) Unknown quality of building materials, (9) current regulations, (10) No CE award criteria, (11) Users satisfaction, and (12) Definitive design without CE strategies.