European policy encourages the adoption of sustainable systems that promote the efficient use and recovery of minerals and chemicals. In this respect, desalination brines do contain a dramatic amount of valuable minerals and can be valorized through appropriate treatments rather than releasing them into the environment. This paper proposes an innovative brine recovery system for obtaining high purity chemicals through the integration of Eutectic Freeze Crystallization (EFC) and Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membrane (EDBM) technologies. Two separate laboratory-scale experimental campaigns were carried out to validate the potential integration of the two processes. Mirabilite (Na₂SO₄∙10H₂O) has been recovered with a purity of 99.9% using the EFC, and a feed rich in NaCl with low impurities has been further processed in an EDBM unit. EDBM tests with feed solutions simulating EFC effluents have shown that it is possible to produce acidic and basic solutions with high purity (>99%), despite the presence of impurities in the feed. Interestingly, the low EDBM specific consumptions of 0.9–1.1 kWh kg⁻¹_NaOH at 100 A m⁻² and 1.3–1.6 kWh kg⁻¹_NaOH at 300 A m⁻² were comparable with and without impurities. In the context of the circular economy strategy promoted by the EU-H2020 Water Mining project, the current study demonstrates that this integrated system effectively minimizes waste, promoting sustainability while providing a potential economic return.

The increasing share of renewables in electric grids nowadays causes a growing daily and seasonal mismatch between electricity generation and demand. In this regard, novel energy storage systems need to be developed, to allow large-scale storage of the excess electricity during low-demand time, and its distribution during peak demand time. Acid–base flow battery (ABFB) is a novel and environmentally friendly technology based on the reversible water dissociation by bipolar membranes, and it stores electricity in the form of chemical energy in acid and base solutions. The technology has already been demonstrated at the laboratory scale, and the experimental testing of the first 1 kW pilot plant is currently ongoing. This work aims to describe the current development and the perspectives of the ABFB technology. In particular, we discuss the main technical challenges related to the development of battery components (membranes, electrolyte solutions, and stack design), as well as simulated scenarios, to demonstrate the technology at the kW–MW scale. Finally, we present an economic analysis for a first 100 kW commercial unit and suggest future directions for further technology scale-up and commercial deployment.