Acoustic performance of concert halls and opera houses is usually assessed by measuring the BIRs (Binaural Impulse Responses). Anechoic music convoluted with BIRs constitutes the virtual sound in the way it is played in the sound field, i.e. the room. From BIRs, the IACC (Inter-Aural Cross Correlation) can be computed. This parameter makes it possible to evaluate the spaciousness of the hall. However, the calculation of the IACC value is affected by the convolution technique used as well as the kind of musical motif. For example, in the same concert hall, the BIR provides three different IACC values in the case of three different motifs played in it. This study has conducted a psycho-acoustic experiment by using a virtual sound field representation produced by the stereo dipole technique in a listening room. In the experimental set-up there were two or four loudspeakers, corresponding to the single stereo-dipole or the dual stereo-dipole, respectively. By cancelling the cross-talk pathways (i.e. from left loudspeaker to right ear), the parallel sound presentation creates a 3D sound field for listeners sitting in the target point. The invert Kirkeby method was adopted to determine the inverse filters. Finally, the auralization technique with measured BIRs in theatres was utilized and the virtual sound field was generated in the Arlecchino listening room (Bologna, Italy), a low reverberation room equipped with an Ambisonic system. In the virtual sound field, the BIR was recorded again by the same dummy head used during the measurement in the theatres. The similarity between real and virtual sound fields was evaluated by comparing some acoustic parameters. The stereo-dipole technique demonstrates a good degree of accuracy of the sound field appearance. Moreover, the accuracy of the sound field appearance was analysed using two musical motifs and three musical instruments, comparing the values of the IACC calculated by echoic music with the virtual echoic music.

During the renovation of auditoria and concert halls, the acoustic quality is normally evaluated from measurements of impulse responses. One possibility for evaluating the acoustic quality from the measurements (the simulations) consists of convolving anechoic music with the measured (or simulated) impulse responses. In this way, a psycho-acoustic test is achieved using a virtual sound field representation. The listening room ‘Arlecchino’ at the University of Bologna includes ambisonics (up to fifth order) and stereo-dipole playback for virtual reproduction of sound in rooms. In this article, the effectiveness of the listening room ‘Arlecchino’ is first analysed, comparing acoustic parameters obtained from binaural impulse responses measured in some opera houses (in Italy) and auditorium (in Japan) with those virtually measured after the virtual reconstruction obtained in the listening rooms. The similarity between real and virtual sound fields, has been evaluated by comparing different acoustic parameters calculated by real and virtual sound fields, in four halls in different configurations, by means of the stereo-dipole method. In the second part of the article, the listening room was used to analyse the variation in interaural cross-correlation measurements in rooms obtained considering different anechoic sound signals convolved with the binaural impulse responses, to quantify the variation of the interaural cross correlation with different motifs. For this purpose, two different musical instrument digital interface musical motifs, very different from each other for their music characteristics, have been considered. Moreover, for each musical motif, different sound characteristics (i.e. different musical instruments) were considered, to consider both the rhythmic and timbre aspect.

The design of auditoria and opera houses requires particular care for the stage area, where several different requirements should be achieved for the performers. Among these, the acoustic quality represents a fundamental aspect, and it differs from the listeners' perspective. Moreover, the performing area in concert halls is often an important area for non-acoustic reasons, since lighting, thermal plants, etc. are often placed in this special zone, and should be properly designed in order to guarantee a high level of global comfort. This paper presents some examples of how to design exhibition zones in opera houses and auditoriums that show both acoustic and technical improvements, both in theory and in architecture.

This pioneering Special Issue aims at providing the state-of-the-art on open energy data analytics; its availability in the different contexts, i.e., country peculiarities; and at different scales, i.e., building, district, and regional for data-aware planning and policy-making. Ten high-quality papers were published after a demanding peer review process and are commented on in this Editorial.

The acoustic quality in auditorium and concert halls is normally evaluated by the measurements of Impulse responses (monaural, binaural or even MIMO). The subjective evaluation is often obtained by convolving anechoic music with the measured IRs. The psycho-acoustical experiment is achieved using a virtual sound field representation. At the University of Bologna, the listening room Arlecchino includes Ambisonics and stereo dipole techniques for playback. In this paper, two different Italian opera houses and two Japanese concert halls were analysed. They were the Teatro Nuovo in Spoleto (Italy), the Teatro Alighieri in Ravenna (Italy), the Kirishima International Musical Hall in Kagoshima (Japan), and the Tsuyama Musical Cultural Hall in Okayama (Japan). The similarity between real and virtual sound fields, obtained with stereo dipole technique, was evaluated by comparing different acoustic parameters calculated by real and virtual sound fields, in the four halls in different designed configurations. Finally, the stereo dipole technique was added to the ambisonic methodology to reproduce the sound fields for the psycho-acoustical experiment. The dual stereo-dipole technique using two kinds of cross-talk cancelling filters can be one of the solutions for improving the acoustical quality of home theatre.

This paper reviews the classification schemes used for bottom-up energy system modelling and proposes a novel one as re-elaboration of the previous schemes. Moreover, this paper identifies that the main challenges of this research field rotate around the concept of resolution. A matrix of challenges in which four main fields are identified: resolution in time, in space, in techno-economic detail and in sector-coupling. These main fields are divided into different levels of resolution: low, medium and high. The use of a low resolution introduces errors in the modelling as demonstrated by different studies. Several existing bottom-up energy system models are reviewed in order to classify them according to the proposed approach and map them through the proposed matrix. 13 different models are analyzed in the category of bottom-up short-term and 9 as bottom-up long-term energy system models. The following mapping shows how several models reach a high level of resolution in one or more than one area. However, the ultimate challenge is the simultaneous achievement of high resolution in all these fields. The literature review has shown how this final aim is not reached by any model at the current stage and it highlights the gap and weaknesses of this branch of research and the direction versus which is important to work to improve this type of modelling.

High efficiency paradigms and rigorous normative standards for new and existing buildings are fundamental components of sustainability and energy transitions strategies today. However, optimistic assumptions and simplifications are often considered in the design phase and, even when detailed simulation tools are used, the validation of simulation results remains an issue. Further, empirical evidences indicate that the gap between predicted and measured performance can be quite large owing to different types of errors made in the building life cycle phases. Consequently, the discrepancy between a priori performance assessment and a posteriori measured performance can hinder the development and diffusion of energy efficiency practices, especially considering the investment risk. The approach proposed in the research is rooted on the integration of parametric simulation techniques, adopted in the design phase, and inverse modelling techniques applied in Measurement and Verification (M&V) practice, i.e., model calibration, in the operation phase. The research focuses on the analysis of these technical aspects for a Passive House case study, showing an efficient and transparent way to link design and operation performance analysis, reducing effort in modelling and monitoring. The approach can be used to detect and highlight the impact of critical assumptions in the design phase as well as to guarantee the robustness of energy performance management in the operational phase, providing parametric performance boundaries to ease monitoring process and identification of insights in a simple, robust and scalable way.

The acoustic quality of concert halls is extremely relevant for the modeling and simulation of the global music experience and for improving the acoustic design of music spaces. Furthermore, the acoustic characteristics of historical opera houses are considered to be one of the most important intangible elements of the cultural heritage of Italian history. An important Italian opera house is the theatre “Comunale” in Bologna (designed in the 18th Century by Galli Bibiena), and has a particular characteristic: the shape of the balconies and the materials with which they were constructed are different from those of a classical Italian opera house. This special feature of the balconies affects the listening conditions related to the position of sound sources on the stage and in the orchestra pit. This study investigates the acoustic properties of this important theatre in order to reproduce the sound properties by means of a 3D auralization. For describing the spatial sound characteristics of the hall, an experimental campaign was carried out. An omnidirectional, pre-equalized sound source was installed in the orchestra pit and on stage, and a dummy head was put in several listening positions on the balconies and in the stalls, accomplished with a B-format (soundfield) microphone. Moreover, the special features of the ACF (autocorrelation function) and the IACC (InterAural Cross Correlation) and other acoustic parameters were measured experimentally in order to reproduce them in the listening room “Arlecchino” at the laboratory of University of Bologna, by means of the Stereo Dipole and Ambisonics technique. The main results from the experiments are reported in this paper.

Soundfield diffuseness in rooms is considered a fundamental aspect of a high-quality room acoustics. Since early studies by Hodgson up to more recent studies of Shtrepi and Embrechts, it was shown that high levels of sound diffuseness could guarantee blending of music, as well as spatial sound perception by listeners, and this could enhance the global indoor acoustic quality. Conversely, Italian-style Opera houses represent an important architectural place, in which the special features of the rich decorations, and the specific characteristics of the volume, give a unique atmosphere, including a peculiar psycho-acoustics impression. However, some geometric properties of the opera houses could influence the global acoustic perception. The shape of the marmorino wall on the stalls, as well as the parallelism of the lateral walls in the boxes, often causes a lack of spaciousness and sometimes in the worst cases provokes focalization. This phenomenon leads to design special devices that could be inserted in the theatres, to avoid focalization, even if they are rarely accepted. This article deals with the design of some acoustic diffusing panels and their functioning in three different theatres, combining both acoustics needs with architectural constraints. The article starts analysing and commenting on the issues that resulted from the measurements conducted in an Italian opera house. In the following step, three examples of the design of diffusing panels are proposed. Finally, the results of diffusion and scattering coefficient of panels realized in the last theatre considered here are reported.

Simple and robust data analysis methodologies are crucial to learn insights from measured data and reduce the performance gap in building stock. For this reason, continuous performance monitoring should become a more diffuse practice in order to improve our design and operation strategies for the future. The research presented aims to highlight potential links between experimental approaches for test-facilities and methods and tools used for continuous performance monitoring, at the state of the art. In particular, we explore the relation between ISO 9869:2014 method for in-situ measurement of thermal transmittance (U) and regression-based monitoring approaches, such as co-heating test and energy signature, for heat load coefficient (HLC) and solar aperture (gA) estimation. In particular, we highlight the robustness and scalability of these monitoring techniques, considering relevant issues in current integrated engineer design perspective. These issues include, among others, the necessity of limiting the number of a sensors to be installed in buildings, the possibility of employing both experimental and real operation data and, finally, the possibility to automate and perform monitoring at multiple scales, from single components, to individual buildings, to building stock and cities.

Electrification of the built environment is foreseen as a main driver for energy transition for more effective, electric renewable capacity firming. Direct and on-time use of electricity is the best way to integrate them, but the current energy demand of residential building stock is often mainly fuel-based. Switching from fuel to electric-driven heating systems could play a key role. Yet, it implies modifications in the building stock due to the change in the temperature of the supplied heat by new heat pumps compared to existing boilers and in power demand to the electricity meter. Conventional energy retrofitting scenarios are usually evaluated in terms of cost-effective energy saving, while the effects on the electrification and flexibility are neglected. In this paper, the improvement of the building envelope and the installations of electric-driven space heating and domestic hot water production systems is analyzed for 419 dwellings. The dwellings database was built by means of a survey among the students attending the Faculty of Architecture at Sapienza University of Rome. A set of key performance indicators were selected for energy and environmental performance. The changes in the energy flexibility led to the viable participation of all the dwellings to a demand response programme.

Data analysis methodologies are crucial to learn insights from data and to create more trust in the assumptions used for energy performance assessment. Indeed, continuous performance monitoring should become a more diffuse practice in order to improve our design and operation strategies for the future. This is an essential step to reduce incrementally the gap between simulated and measured performance. In fact, assumptions in simulation represent a significant source of uncertainty when estimating the energy performance of buildings. This uncertainty affects decision-making processes in multiple ways, from design of new and refurbished buildings to policy making. The research presented aims to highlight potential links between experimental approaches for test-facilities and methods and tools used for continuous performance monitoring, at the state of the art. In particular, we start by exploring the relation between in-situ measurement of thermal transmittance (U) and regression-based monitoring approaches, such as co-heating test and energy signature, for heat load coefficient (HLC) and solar aperture (gA) estimation. After that, we highlight some recent developments in simplified dynamic energy modelling using lumped parameter models. In particular, we want to underline the scalability of these techniques, considering relevant issues in current integrated engineer design perspective. These issues include, among others, the necessity of limiting the number of a sensors to be installed in buildings, the possibility of employing both experimental and real operation data (and compare them with design data as well) and, finally, the possibility to automate performance monitoring at multiple scales, from single components, to individual buildings, to building stock and cities.

The identification of techno-economically feasible decarbonisation paths and sustainability transitions for the built environment is a necessary task for research today and building stock renovation processes can act in synergy with innovative economic and technological development paradigms to achieve different types of benefits such as economic growth and employment, together with resource efficiency and sustainability for the whole sector. The research presented aims at selecting the most relevant data analysis processes and techniques to respond to practical technical questions and to support decision-making in the built environment, at multiple scales of analysis, from individual buildings, to building stock and urban environment. The research aims to indicate in this way the possibility to join the micro-scale view, involving technological and behavioral issues in buildings, and the macro-scale view, involving strategic problems at market and policy levels for energy and sustainability planning. Further, the combined use of modelling techniques with large scale data acquisition and processing could guarantee multiple feed-backs from measured data, useful for the evolution, first of all, of design and operation practices in building but also, more in general, of the whole value chain of the sector. A synthesis and integration of modelling methodologies is presented through case studies, showing a path to improve transparency of performance assessment across building life cycle phases. Finally, multivariate data visualization techniques are presented to ease wider applicability of the described numerical techniques.

Smart multi-energy systems based on distributed polygeneration power plants have gained increasing attention for having shown the capability of significant primary energy savings and reduced CO₂ pollutant emissions due to the high renewable energy sources penetration. Compared to the traditional power plants, the large variability in the end-user demands (electricity, heat and cold energy), coupled with the uncertainty in the solar and wind energy availability, require the adoption of energy storage systems for dampening the intermittency problems and for performing peak shaving. In a multi-energy system, energy storage technologies typically exist in the form of electrochemical energy and thermal energy storage. Costs and technological limits of energy storage systems are the key parameters that influence the optimal design and operation of the system. In this paper, by adopting an in-house developed simulation tool (

This paper investigates the relationship between Indoor Environmental Quality index (IEQ): thermal comfort index and indoor temperature trend in moderate thermal environments, in buildings that belong to the Class A with reference to the Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD). The work consists of the measurement of IAQ and energy efficiency in a residential building located in centre-north of Italy, namely Ravenna. The results of the measurements, as well as the PMV-PPD indexes, are presented and commented. These indexes could be a criteria to test if EPBD labelling building could be coherent with EN 15251 requirements.