Food is a vital part of our lives and throughout history it has shaped our cities. However, our current agricultural practices exhaust our natural environment and are threatened by climate change. Next to that, the design of our food system is highly susceptible to global instabilities. With the population only increasing and more people living inside cities, the pressure on the food system is only growing. This increases food insecurity and further planetary urbanization. Urban agriculture is seen as a possible method to transform the food system into a sustainable system. In research, the qualities of urban agriculture and its effect on the food system are discussed. Yet, the effect on the direct surroundings are mostly ignored. At the same time, when these effects are reviewed, little differentiation is made between different types of urban agriculture. Hence, this paper focuses on the question: How can urban agriculture be implemented into cities to improve the liveability of the city? This is done using literature review, case study analysis and design experiments. The research shows that the effect of urban agriculture on liveability is highly dependent on the strategy that is being implemented. Liveability consists of six dimensions: Stability, education, healthcare, facilities, social cohesion and physical environment. No direct effects can be measured on stability education and healthcare. Nevertheless, literature suggests there might be indirect positive effects. Facilities, social cohesion and physical environment can be improved through urban agriculture. Here, the strategy that is being implemented determines which dimension of urban agriculture is improved. There is not one strategy that improves all aspects of liveability, instead each strategy has its own strength. Other aspects that influence the liveability are the production system, activity, area, location, product and destination. Altogether, there is not one design in urban agriculture that can improve liveability, some aspects of urban agriculture might decrease liveability. Hence, a balance needs to be found between changing the food system and creating a qualitative living environment.

Mankind is exhausting natural resources. Therefore, the need to transform the linear material flows towards circular chains is increasing. Steel is a material that is produced and used globally and has high potentials for recycling. However, in the maritime sector, steel is currently barely recycled, let alone reused in a more direct way. Maritime manufacturing is a vital industry in the province of South-Holland, strengthened by a strong knowledge network. The aim of this project is to localise and extend the steel life cycle, to create an environmentally and socially sustainable province in which maritime manufacturing can grow in a responsible way. In order to close the loops, the R-ladder is used as a framework for circular material flows in the manufacturing industry and in the participation of the citizens. A local steel life cycle for maritime manufacturing will be achieved through the connection of the steel using maritime companies in Rotterdam and the Drecht Cities with the steel production company of TATA Steel in IJmuiden. Missing links in the cycle, a secondary steel processing company and ship disassembly companies, will be brought to the province, providing a new purpose to the Port of Rotterdam when fossil fuels phase out. The transition to material circularity will be made possible through innovations in modular shipbuilding and renewable fuels. Innovation centres in the maker's industry will bridge between knowledge and practice. The consumers will be involved in the material transition through community re-hubs in their cities, where they can share, reuse and recycle products. In this strategy, the extensive water network will function as a backbone along which spatial developments will take place. The water backbone will be a connector for both public transport and industrial transport. This strategy for a transition towards circular steel flows in maritime manufacturing, can be an incentive and inspiration for other manufacturing sectors to close their material cycles.

Humanity depends on energy, to protect our planet and maintain a secure energy system, we need to transition towards renewable energy sources. This transition also faces challenges concerning spatial demand, spatial quality, resistance from the population and an unfitting energy infrastructure. The Rhenish Lignite Mining District is one of the places where these problems come together. The area’s foundation is currently lignite mining, but from 2030 onward, the mines will close. What is left is a large energy gap, a polluted and damaged environment and a disturbed socio-economic structure. The Rhenish Mining District is faced with the question of how to regenerate through the design of the minescape of the Rhenish Mining Area towards an inclusive energy transition. Through systemic thinking and scenario design, this thesis displays the possibilities new energy production methods create by being integrated into the minescape. Their symbiotic relations strengthen various aspects of the systems present in the minescape. The scenarios highlight the importance of designing for the green. blue, social and energy systems. The thesis reveals that the footprint of the minescape expands far beyond the borders of the extraction footprint. Therefore, the impact of the energy transition expands far beyond the extraction footprint. This is strengthened by the footprint and impact of renewable energy sources needing significantly more space than the current energy system. Through the scenarios, this thesis triggers the imagination on the possibilities of the energy transition and opens a discussion on the possible futures of the Rhenish minescape.