Fire hydrants are widely installed in drinking water distribution systems, where stagnant water forms multiple ‘high-risk zones’. The stagnant water quality at hydrant terminals has been poorly studied. Here we show that stagnant water exhibited an 18-fold increase in manganese, a 40-fold increase in total cell counts, a 13-fold increase in adenosine triphosphate and enrichment of opportunistic pathogens compared with flowing water. Notable changes were also observed in microbial communities and dissolved organic matter composition, including shifts in dominant bacterial taxa, transformation of saturated oxidized compounds and generation of unsaturated reduced compounds. This study also explored the ecological mechanisms underlying the covariation of microorganisms and dissolved organic matter after water stagnation. This finding provides an additional possibility for drinking water quality deterioration in drinking water distribution systems, highlighting the potential threat posed by stagnant water in non-consumer terminals (fire hydrants) to water safety.

Any dielectric material under a strain gradient presents flexoelectricity. Here, we synthesized 0.75 sodium bismuth titanate −0.25 strontium titanate (NBT-25ST) core–shell nanoparticles via a solid-state chemical reaction directly inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and observed domain-like nanoregions (DLNRs) up to an extreme temperature of 800 °C. We attribute this abnormal phenomenon to a chemically induced lattice strain gradient present in the core–shell nanoparticle. The strain gradient was generated by controlling the diffusion of strontium cations. By combining electrical biasing and temperature-dependent in situ TEM with phase field simulations, we analyzed the resulting strain gradient and local polarization distribution within a single nanoparticle. The analysis confirms that a local symmetry breaking, occurring due to a strain gradient (i.e. flexoelectricity), accounts for switchable polarization beyond the conventional temperature range of existing polar materials. We demonstrate that polar nanomaterials can be obtained through flexoelectricity at extreme temperature by tuning the cation diffusion.

Age-hardening in Al alloys has been used for over a century to improve its mechanical properties. However, the lack of direct observation limits our understanding of the dynamic nature of the evolution of nanoprecipitates during age-hardening. Using in-situ (scanning) transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM) while heating an Al-Cu alloy, we were able to follow the growth of individual nanoprecipitates at atomic scale. The heat treatments carried out at 140, 160, 180 and 200 °C reveal a temperature dependence on the kinetics of precipitation and three kinds of interactions of nano-precipitates. These are precipitate-matrix, precipitate-dislocation, and precipitate-precipitate interactions. The diffusion of Cu and Al during these interactions, results in diffusion-controlled individual precipitate growth, an accelerated growth when interactions with dislocations occur and a size dependent precipitate-precipitate interaction: growth and shrinkage. Precipitates can grow and shrink at opposite ends at the same time resulting in an effective displacement. Furthermore, the evolution of the crystal structure within an individual nanoprecipiate, specifically the mechanism of formation of the strengthening phase, θ′, during heat-treatment is elucidated by following the same precipitate through its intermediate stages for the first time using in-situ S/TEM studies.

The structural evolution of Cu₄₅Zr₄₅Ag₁₀ metallic glass was investigated by in situ transmission electron microscopy heating experiments. The relationship between phase separation and crystallization was elucidated. Nucleation and growth-controlled nanoscale phase separation at early stage were seen to impede nanocrystallization, while a coarser phase separation via aggregation of Ag-rich nanospheres was found to promote the precipitation of Cu-rich nanocrystals. Coupling of composition and dynamics heterogeneities was supposed to play a key role during phase separation preceding crystallization.

The preparation of thin lamellas by focused ion beam (FIB) for MEMS-based in situ TEM experiments is time consuming. Typically, the lamellas are of ~5μm*10μm and have a thickness less than 100nm. Here we demonstrate a fast lamellas’ preparation method using special fast cutting by FIB of samples prepared by conventional TEM sample preparation by argon ion milling or electrochemical polishing methods. This method has been applied successfully on various materials, such as ductile metallic alloy Ti₆₈Ta₂₇A_l5, brittle ceramics K_0.5Na_0.5NbO₃-6%LiNbO₃ and semiconductor Si. The thickness of the lamellas depends on the original TEM sample.