Shoulder injuries, prevalent worldwide, often occur from ageing and accidents. In Western countries, these injuries primarily afflict the elderly population, while in rural regions of Bangladesh, Iran, India, and Pakistan, they affect younger individuals who are often the family's primary earners. Due to that, preventing and aiding the recovery of shoulder injuries is crucial. To address this, strain maps with vibrotactile feedback, emerge as a promising solution. However, the feedback system must be affordable, compact, comfortable, user-friendly, easily understood, and portable to suit the local environment. Vibrotactile feedback appears promising but can distract the user from work. Hence, this study seeks to investigate if vibrotactile feedback can be paired with strain maps to guide users in maintaining healthy postures and reducing the risk of shoulder injuries in rural areas, where visual feedback is used as a benchmark. To provide feedback using strain maps, shoulder angles are determined using Python's OpenCV and MediaPipe libraries. PyGame is utilized to display the strain maps, and OpenCV helps delineate boundaries between regions of high and low strain within the shoulder. Visual feedback is integrated into the strain map display, while vibrotactile feedback is delivered through a wearable haptic device. Despite challenges related to axial rotation accuracy and the camera-dependent nature of shoulder angle measurements, user experiments, conducted independently for shoulder elevation and planar elevation, reveal that vibrotactile feedback shows better performance compared to visual feedback. Consequently, this study concludes that vibrotactile feedback has the potential to prevent shoulder injuries with strain maps, but also still needs to improve for future work.

Laparoscopy was shown to be highly effective in improving patients healthcare outcomes in comparison to traditional open surgery, ensuring faster healing, reduced scarring of the tissue and reduced pain. Laparoscopy has a great technological complexity, causing difficulties which make it of great interest to the engineering community. This research investigated whether colour filtering provides a better contrast during laparoscopic surgery, allowing for easier identification of tissues and vessels. A video of a gall bladder removal surgery was first carefully analysed for key moments when the hepatic vessels, gall duct and gallbladder vessels were visible. Three different reference images were selected from the original video and twelve different RGB (Red, Green, Blue) ratios were used to create new colour enhanced images for each of the selections in Darktable.