Neutron diffraction measurements of the double molybdate Cs3Na(MoO4)2 have been performed for the first time in this work and the crystal structure refined using the Rietveld method. The thermal expansion of this trigonal phase, in space group P3¯m1, measured using high temperature X-ray diffraction (XRD), remains moderate: αa=31·10−6K−1 and αc=24·10−6K−1 in the temperature range T = (298−723) K. The melting temperature of this compound has been determined at Tfus= (777 ± 5) K using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). No phase transition was detected, neither by DSC, nor by high temperature XRD or high temperature Raman spectroscopy, which disagrees with the literature data of Zolotova et al. (2016), who reported a reversible phase transition around 663 K. Finally, thermodynamic equilibrium calculations have been performed to assess the probability of formation of Cs3Na(MoO4)2 inside the fuel pin of a Sodium cooled Fast Reactor by reaction between the cesium molybdate phase Cs2MoO4, which forms at the pellet rim at high burnup, the fission product molybdenum (either as metallic or oxide phase), and the liquid sodium coolant in the accidental event of a breach of the stainless steel cladding and sodium ingress in the failed pin.@en

The structure of α-Cs2Mo2O7 (monoclinic in space group P21/c), which can form during irradiation in fast breeder reactors in the space between nuclear fuel and cladding, has been refined in this work at room temperature from neutron diffraction data. Furthermore, the compounds' thermal expansion and polymorphism have been investigated using high temperature X-ray diffraction combined with high temperature Raman spectroscopy. A phase transition has been observed at Ttr(α→β)=(621.9±0.8) K using Differential Scanning Calorimetry, and the structure of the β-Cs2Mo2O7 phase, orthorhombic in space group Pbcm, has been solved ab initio from the high temperature X-ray diffraction data. Furthermore, the low temperature heat capacity of α-Cs2Mo2O7 has been measured in the temperature range T=(1.9–313.2) K using a Quantum Design PPMS (Physical Property Measurement System) calorimeter. The heat capacity and entropy values at T=298.15 K have been derived as Cp,m o(Cs2Mo2O7,cr,298.15K)=(211.9±2.1)JK−1mol−1 and Sm o(Cs2Mo2O7,cr,298.15K)=(317.4±4.3)JK−1mol−1. When combined with the enthalpy of formation reported in the literature, these data yield standard entropy and Gibbs energy of formation as ΔfSm o(Cs2Mo2O7,cr,298.15K)=−(628.2±4.4)JK−1mol−1 and ΔfGm o(Cs2Mo2O7,cr,298.15K)=−(2115.1±2.5)kJmol−1. Finally, the cesium partial pressure expected in the gap between fuel and cladding following the disproportionation reaction 2Cs2MoO4=Cs2Mo2O7+2Cs(g)+ 1/2 O2(g) has been calculated from the newly determined thermodynamic functions.@en

The structure of α-Cs2Mo2O7 (monoclinic in space group P21/c), which can form during irradiation in fast breeder reactors in the space between nuclear fuel and cladding, has been refined in this work at room temperature from neutron diffraction data. Furthermore, the compounds' thermal expansion and polymorphism have been investigated using high temperature X-ray diffraction combined with high temperature Raman spectroscopy. A phase transition has been observed at Ttr(α→β)=(621.9±0.8) K using Differential Scanning Calorimetry, and the structure of the β-Cs2Mo2O7 phase, orthorhombic in space group Pbcm, has been solved ab initio from the high temperature X-ray diffraction data. Furthermore, the low temperature heat capacity of α-Cs2Mo2O7 has been measured in the temperature range T=(1.9–313.2) K using a Quantum Design PPMS (Physical Property Measurement System) calorimeter. The heat capacity and entropy values at T=298.15 K have been derived as Cp,m o(Cs2Mo2O7,cr,298.15K)=(211.9±2.1)JK−1mol−1 and Sm o(Cs2Mo2O7,cr,298.15K)=(317.4±4.3)JK−1mol−1. When combined with the enthalpy of formation reported in the literature, these data yield standard entropy and Gibbs energy of formation as ΔfSm o(Cs2Mo2O7,cr,298.15K)=−(628.2±4.4)JK−1mol−1 and ΔfGm o(Cs2Mo2O7,cr,298.15K)=−(2115.1±2.5)kJmol−1. Finally, the cesium partial pressure expected in the gap between fuel and cladding following the disproportionation reaction 2Cs2MoO4=Cs2Mo2O7+2Cs(g)+ 1/2 O2(g) has been calculated from the newly determined thermodynamic functions.@en

Traditional “stack “manufacturing process (16–19th c.) of lead white pigment by lead corrosion is explored by exposing metal to acetic acid, carbon dioxide, dioxygen and water vapor. Global reaction scheme is revealed, along with stratification of corrosion products with CO2 gradient, leading to flakiness of corrosion layer. Kinetic and epitaxial features rule the polyphased structure, explaining hydrocerussite-rich compositions and absence of plumbonacrite in classical easel paintings. Microstructure of cerussite appears as a differentiation criterion between stack-made and industrial precipitation-synthesized lead whites. Particular conditions reported in ancient writings are tested and discussed to understand unusual processes.@en

Traditional “stack “manufacturing process (16–19th c.) of lead white pigment by lead corrosion is explored by exposing metal to acetic acid, carbon dioxide, dioxygen and water vapor. Global reaction scheme is revealed, along with stratification of corrosion products with CO2 gradient, leading to flakiness of corrosion layer. Kinetic and epitaxial features rule the polyphased structure, explaining hydrocerussite-rich compositions and absence of plumbonacrite in classical easel paintings. Microstructure of cerussite appears as a differentiation criterion between stack-made and industrial precipitation-synthesized lead whites. Particular conditions reported in ancient writings are tested and discussed to understand unusual processes.@en

Rembrandt (1606–1669) is renowned for his impasto technique, involving his use of lead white paint with outstanding rheological properties. This paint was obtained by combining lead white pigment (a mixture of cerussite PbCO 3 and hydrocerussite Pb 3(CO 3) 2(OH) 2) with an organic binding medium, but the exact formulation used by Rembrandt remains a mystery. A powerful combination of high-angle and high-lateral resolution x-ray diffraction was used to investigate several microscopic paint samples from four Rembrandt masterpieces. A rare lead compound, plumbonacrite (Pb 5(CO 3) 3O(OH) 2), was detected in areas of impasto. This can be considered a fingerprint of Rembrandt's recipe and is evidence of the use of an alkaline binding medium, which sheds a new light on Rembrandt's pictorial technique. @en

Na3.16(2)UV,VI 0.84(2)O4 is obtained from the reaction of sodium with uranium dioxide under oxygen potential conditions typical of a sodium-cooled fast nuclear reactor. In the event of a breach of the steel cladding, it would be the dominant reaction product forming at the rim of the mixed (U,Pu)O2 fuel pellets. High-temperature X-ray diffraction measurements show that a distortion of the uranium environment in Na3.16(2)UV,VI 0.84(2)O4 results in a strongly anisotropic thermal expansion. A comparison with several related sodium metallates Nan-2Mn+On-1 - including Na3SbO4 and Na3TaO4, whose crystal structures are reported for the first time - has allowed us to assess the role played in the lattice expansion by the Mn+ cation radius and the Na/M ratio. On this basis, the thermomechanical behavior of the title compound is discussed, along with those of several related double oxides of sodium and actinide elements, surrogate elements, or fission products.@en

The quaternary compound Cs2Pb(MoO4)2 was synthesized and its structure was characterized using X-ray and neutron diffraction from 298 to 773 K, while thermal expansion was studied from 298 to 723 K. The crystal structure of the high-temperature phase β-Cs2Pb(MoO4)2 was elucidated, and it was found to crystallize in the space group R3̅m (No. 166), i.e., with a palmierite structure. In addition, the oxidation state of Mo in the low-temperature phase α-Cs2Pb(MoO4)2 was studied using X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy. Phase diagram equilibrium measurements in the Cs2MoO4-PbMoO4 system were performed, revisiting a previously reported phase diagram. The equilibrium phase diagram proposed here includes a different composition of the intermediate compound in this system. The obtained data can serve as relevant information for thermodynamic modeling in view of the safety assessment of next-generation lead-cooled fast reactors.@en

The formation of a thin layer, the so-called Joint Oxyde-Gaine (JOG), between the (U,Pu)O2 fuel pellets and the cladding has been observed in fast neutron reactors, due to the accumulation of volatile fission products. Cs2MoO4 is known to be one of the major components of the JOG, but other elements are also present, in particular tellurium and palladium. In this work, an investigation of the structural and thermodynamic properties of Cs2TeO4 and Cs2Mo1-xTexO4 solid solution is reported. The existence of a complete solubility between Cs2MoO4 and Cs2TeO4 is demonstrated, combining X-ray diffraction (XRD), neutron diffraction (ND), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) results. High-temperature XRD measurements were moreover performed on Cs2TeO4, which revealed the existence of a α-β phase transition around 712 K. Thermal expansion coefficients were also obtained from these data. Finally, phase equilibra points in the Cs2MoO4-Cs2TeO4 pseudobinary phase diagram were collected using differential scanning calorimetry and used to develop a thermodynamic model for this system using a regular solution formalism.@en